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微生物在一定条件下培养时,其代谢过程中分泌产生的一些具有一定表面活性、集亲水基和疏水基结构于一分子内的两亲化合物,称为生物表面活性剂[1～3]。同化学合成的表面活性剂一样,具有润湿、分散、乳化、破乳、消泡、去污、抗静电等作用[2～4]。此外,生物表面活性剂还具有以下优点:可以用微生物方法引进化学方法难以合成的化学基团;无毒且能被生物完全降解,对环境不造成污染;微生物发酵生产工艺简便[1～2]。由于生物表面活性剂的独特优点,其在环境保护、石油工业、食品工业、农业等领域的应用受到越来越多的重视,并有可能成为化学合成表面活性剂的替代品或升级换代品[5]。生物破乳剂作为生物表面活性剂的一类在工业应用中也具有广阔的前景,本文重点介绍生物破乳剂的研究与应用进展。
When a microorganism is cultured under certain conditions, some amphiphilic compounds having a certain surface activity and having a hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group in one molecule and secreted during metabolism are called biological surfactants [1-3]. Like chemically synthesized surfactants, it has functions of wetting, dispersing, emulsifying, demulsifying, defoaming, decontamination, antistatic and so on [2 ~ 4]. In addition, the biosurfactant also has the following advantages: it can introduce chemical groups which are difficult to synthesize by the method of microorganism; it is non-toxic and can be completely degraded by the living body without causing any pollution to the environment; the fermentation process of the microorganism is simple [1-2] . Due to the unique advantages of biosurfactants, their application in the field of environmental protection, petroleum industry, food industry, agriculture and other fields has received more and more attention and is likely to become a substitute or upgrade of chemically synthesized surfactants [ 5]. Bio-demulsifier as a kind of bio-surfactant also has broad prospects in industrial applications, this article focuses on bio-demulsifier research and application progress.