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Researchers pose for a group photo with China’s first polar airplane， the Snow Eagle 601， after a successful trial flight at the Zhongshan Station， a Chinese scientific research base in Antarctica， on December 7.
It is the first time that China has deployed a fixed-wing aircraft in a scientific expedition to Antarctica. The aircraft will serve as a transport link between the Zhongshan and Kunlun stations of China and the nearby stations of other countries.
Internet Conference
The Second World Internet Conference （WIC） will be held in Wuzhen， east China’s Zhejiang Province， between December 16 and 18， its organizers announced on December 9.
More than 2，000 attendees from over 120 countries and regions will participate in the conference， roughly half of which are foreign guests， said Lu Wei， Minister of the Cyberspace Administration of China， at a press conference.
They will include representatives of government departments， international organizations， Internet companies， academic institutions and think tanks， as well as foreign and Chinese college students.
The conference will cover 22 topics， including the transmission of culture through the Internet， Internet innovation and development， digital economy cooperation， Internet technology standards and cyberspace management.
An expo and more than 80 press conferences will be held during the second WIC， showcasing cutting-edge technology and the latest achievements from about 260 enterprises from all over the world， according to Lu.
The first World Internet Conference was held in Wuzhen in November last year.
Rights Protection
China will provide unregistered citizens with household registration permits， a crucial document entitling them to social welfare， according to a high-level reform meeting.
In China， various social benefits such as medical insurance and access to basic education are based on permits known as hukou and are supposed to be in accordance to long-term places of work and residence.
“It is a basic legal right for Chinese citizens to lawfully register for hukou. It’s also a premise for citizens to participate in social affairs， enjoy rights and fulfill duties，” said a statement released after a meeting of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms on December 9.
China has around 13 million unregistered people， 1 percent of the entire population. They include orphans and children born illegally during the period of strict enforcement of the family-planning policy， the homeless and those who have yet to apply for one or who have simply lost theirs. Those parents who violated family planning policies have often refrained from getting hukou for their children in order to avoid fines. “The number of people without hukou and their distribution and reasons should be made clear... and every citizen’s right to hukou should be protected in accordance with the law，” the statement said.
It was stressed that registration should take place irrespective of family planning and other policy limits.
Judicial Assistance
The Chinese Government allocated 700 million yuan （$109 million） for judicial assistance in 2014 and 2015 respectively， and helped 80，042 people in 2014， according to the Commission for Political and Legal Affairs of the Communist Party of China Central Committee.
A set of guidelines issued in January 2014 state that the judicial assistance system mainly helps people who suffer due to criminal and civil invasion， yet are unable to receive effective compensation through litigation.
However， judicial assistance will not compensate victims for all losses， but only solve their urgent daily and medical needs， said Wang Minyuan， a researcher with the Institute of Law under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
As problems still exist in the judicial assistance system， the Chinese Government has pledged more efforts to improve it. These measures include shortening administrative procedures to allocate funds， increasing assistance efficiency， enhancing transparency and supervision， and cooperation with other departments.
Road Upgrades
China will try to connect every village with an asphalt or concrete road by 2019， as part of a campaign to reduce rural poverty， the Minister of Transport Yang Chuantang said on December 4.
The country still has 28，000 poverty-stricken villages that lack access to asphalt or concrete roads. They are mostly located in mountainous areas where road construction remains difficult， Yang said at a conference on poverty reduction.
China has 70 million rural residents officially classified as poor. It has pledged to lift them out of poverty by 2020.
Heavy investments in improving transportation in underdeveloped areas has made access easier to 42，000 villages by opening bus services， renovating ports and building bridges over the past five years， according to Yang.
A Cleaner Yangtze
The water quality of the Yangtze River， China’s largest waterway， has been improving， with more than 90 percent of the river now meeting the national standard for clean water， the Yangtze River commission said on December 8.
Of all rivers in the Yangtze River drainage area， the sections meeting the standard for clean water have accounted for 77.4 percent of the total length， up from 66.7 percent in 2006， the commission announced. “Although the discharge of waste water has increased， the river is getting cleaner thanks to strict enforcement of discharge standards，”said Yang Yongde， Deputy Director of the Yangtze River Water Resources Protection Bureau.
However， some lakes and reservoirs in this area remain polluted， according to the commission.
The Pride of the Nation
Chinese pharmacologist Tu Youyou （left） is congratulated after receiving the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in Stockholm， Sweden， on December 10.
Tu， 84， was awarded a share of the prize for her contribution in the discovery of artemisinin， a drug that has significantly reduced the mortality rate of malaria patients.
Literate Tibetans
Southwest China’s Tibet Autonomous Region has seen the illiteracy rate of locals aged between 15 and 60 nearly halved during the past five years， according to local educational authorities.
Official figures show the ratio has dropped to 0.52 percent， about 0.5 percentage points lower than that of 2011.
In order to boost school enrollment， Tibet scrapped tuition fees for all children in public kindergartens， primary schools and high schools during the past four years.
Since 1985， the region has allowed the children of farmers and herdsmen to enjoy free accommodation， meals and tuition at boarding schools， with the subsidy for each student increased 14 times over the past few decades， now averaging at 3，000 yuan this year.
Historical documents show that before Tibet was liberated in 1951， only aristocrats had access to education， while serfs and slaves， who accounted for 95 percent of the region’s population， were denied it.
Tibet has 1，855 schools and more than 600，000 students. The enrollment rates of primary schools， junior high schools and high schools have exceeded 98 percent， 96 percent and 74 percent， respectively.
Dinosaur Fossils
Chinese archaeologists excavate the fossils of dinosaurs that lived 180 million years ago in Lufeng County， Yunnan Province， on December 7.
The bones belonged to Lufengosaurus Huenei and Lufengosaurus magnus， two kinds of Massospondylus dinosaurs which lived during the Early Jurassic period， according to researchers.
A total of 410 million Chinese students received financial support from the government between 2010 and 2014， according to data from the Ministry of Education （MOE） on December 9. China spent more than 556 billion yuan （$86.51 billion） between 2010 and 2014 to help students from preschool up to university， according to the MOE report.
In 2014， funds made available for subsidies were 142.1 billion yuan（$22.11 billion）， more than double the amount of 2009.
Zhao Jianjun， a MOE official， said that the ministry， in the next five years， will gradually improve the subsidizing standard to ensure basic schooling needs for students whose families have financial difficulties.
Audit System Reform
China will establish a full-coverage audit system by 2020 that matches the country’s governmental needs， according to an official document released on December 8.
The system will have a full scope of public funds， state assets， state-owned resources and the economic responsibility of government officials， said the document released by the general offices of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council.
Full coverage is a guarantee of national economic security， economic restructuring， the rule of law and a clean government， according to the document.
It also stressed the importance of the independence and supervision of the audit system.
Personnel training， audit information gathering and the integrated management of audit projects will be strengthened.
Seven regions， including Jiangsu， Zhejiang and Chongqing， were selected in 2015 to pilot the system.
Circuit Breaker
China will implement a circuitbreaker mechanism in its stock markets beginning January 1， 2016， in order to curb abnormal price swings.
With the approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission， the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges and China Financial Futures Exchange issued regulations on the mechanism on December 4.
From September 7 to 21， the three bourses collected the public’s opinion on the mechanism， which would temporarily suspend trading in response to huge rises or drops in the stock market.
The latest draft shortened the suspension time in the event of a major swing from half an hour to 15 minutes.
The system will follow changes in the Hushen 300 Index， which reflects the performance of the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. When the index rises or falls by 5 percent， the circuit breaker will trigger a 15-minute suspension in trading.
If the index changes by 5 percent after 2：45 p.m.， or if the index rises or falls by 7 percent throughout the day， trading will be suspended until 3 p.m.—the closing time for daily trading， according to the regulations. China has already set a daily trading limit of 10 percent for the rise and fall of individual stocks.
The new mechanism will cover the trading of all stocks， including convertible bonds， stock options and futures contracts.
Aircraft Deal
A Chinese aircraft manufacturer， the Harbin Aircraft Industry Group（HAIG）， announced on December 7 that it has signed a contract to sell 15 of their Y-12E aircraft to a Russian company.
The aircraft company， a subsidiary of the Aviation Industry Corp. of China （AVIC）， said it signed the contract with Fly AVIA FZE， which provides aviation equipment， repairs and after-sales services to the Russian market.
The aircraft will be delivered in 2017 and the contract is worth an estimated total of 550 million yuan（$87.3 million）， according to the announcement.
The short-haul Y-12 series aircraft are used mainly for passenger and cargo transport， geological exploration， ocean monitoring and agriculture.
It has obtained certification in more than 10 countries， including Russia， the United States， France and the United Kingdom.
Faster Connections
An expressway linking Suining and Xichong in southwest China’s Sichuan Province is completed on December 10. The 67.6 km expressway， connected to several national highway lines， will bring great convenience to the local people.
Panda Bonds
The government of South Korea will issue 3 billion yuan （$470 million） worth of panda bonds， the first sovereign government to sell such bonds， the People’s Bank of China（PBOC）， the central bank， said on December 8.
The yuan-denominated bonds will be sold on China’s domestic interbank market， the PBOC said in a statement. The announcement gave no information on when the bonds would be issued， nor provided extensive details regarding its maturity or coupons.
The agreement to issue the bonds， reached when Chinese Premier Li Keqiang visited South Korea in November， will diversify China’s interbank bond market， promote the country’s opening up and enhance bilateral financial cooperation， the central bank said.
Panda bonds are yuandenominated debts sold by foreign countries and overseas agencies in China. Analysts expect the bond market to expand as China pushes the internationalization of its currency.
According to the World Bank’s International Finance Corp.， the panda bond market is expected to surpass 320 billion yuan （$49.82 billion） in the next five years. Ready for an Official Run
Technicians test maglev trains in Changsha， capital of central China’s Hunan Province， on December 8.
The first mid-low speed maglev train project， designed and constructed by China Railway Construction Corp. Ltd.， will be put into use very soon. The 18.5-km route connects the Changsha South Railway Station to Changsha Huanghua International Airport.
Price Indexes
China’s consumer price index， a main gauge of inflation， grew 1.5 percent year-on-year in November， up from a rise of 1.3 percent in October， data from the National Bureau of Statistics （NBS） showed on December 9.
The reading was slightly higher than a 1.4-percent increase for the first 11 months， the NBS said.
The NBS attributed the rise mainly to growing food prices， as vegetable prices surged 9.4 percent year-on-year in November， while prices for meat and poultry products rose by 6.2 percent.
Meanwhile， consumer prices mostly stayed flat on a monthly basis.
On the other hand， China’s producer prices fell for the 45th straight month but at a narrower rate than market expectations， data from the NBS showed.
The producer price index （PPI）， a measure of the costs for goods at the factory gate， dropped by 5.9 percent year-on-year， unchanged from the rate seen in the previous three months.
The PPI in November edged down 0.5 percent month-on-month mainly due to a price drop in the non-ferrous metal-smelting and oilprocessing industry. The index fell 5.2 percent from a year ago during the January-November period.
Foreign Trade
China’s foreign trade dropped 7.6 percent year-on-year to $340.38 billion in November， the ninthconsecutive monthly decline， according to data presented by the General Administration of Customs（GAC） on December 8.
The level of decline in November was significantly poignant compared to the 12.1-percent year-on-year plunge registered in October， bolstered by increased electrical exports， according to the GAC.
Exports dropped by 6.8 percent， the fifth straight month of decline， to$197.24 billion and imports fell for the 13th consecutive month by 8.7 percent to $143.14 billion.
In the first 11 months， foreign trade dropped by 8.5 percent yearon-year to $3.56 trillion. Exports dropped by 3 percent to $2.05 trillion， and imports fell by 15.1 percent to $1.51 trillion.
“Low commodity prices， sluggish external and internal demand were to blame for the trade decline，”said Zhang Shuyu， a researcher at the University of International Business and Economics.“Challenges will remain for Chinese trade， given sluggish global growth and low commodity prices.”
Time to Shop
Local residents select products at a cross-border purchasing experience center in Wuqing District， north China’s Tianjin， on December 5.
After the China （Tianjin） Pilot Free Trade Zone was inaugurated in April， the city was selected for crossborder e-commerce trials.
It is the first time that China has deployed a fixed-wing aircraft in a scientific expedition to Antarctica. The aircraft will serve as a transport link between the Zhongshan and Kunlun stations of China and the nearby stations of other countries.
Internet Conference
The Second World Internet Conference （WIC） will be held in Wuzhen， east China’s Zhejiang Province， between December 16 and 18， its organizers announced on December 9.
More than 2，000 attendees from over 120 countries and regions will participate in the conference， roughly half of which are foreign guests， said Lu Wei， Minister of the Cyberspace Administration of China， at a press conference.
They will include representatives of government departments， international organizations， Internet companies， academic institutions and think tanks， as well as foreign and Chinese college students.
The conference will cover 22 topics， including the transmission of culture through the Internet， Internet innovation and development， digital economy cooperation， Internet technology standards and cyberspace management.
An expo and more than 80 press conferences will be held during the second WIC， showcasing cutting-edge technology and the latest achievements from about 260 enterprises from all over the world， according to Lu.
The first World Internet Conference was held in Wuzhen in November last year.
Rights Protection
China will provide unregistered citizens with household registration permits， a crucial document entitling them to social welfare， according to a high-level reform meeting.
In China， various social benefits such as medical insurance and access to basic education are based on permits known as hukou and are supposed to be in accordance to long-term places of work and residence.
“It is a basic legal right for Chinese citizens to lawfully register for hukou. It’s also a premise for citizens to participate in social affairs， enjoy rights and fulfill duties，” said a statement released after a meeting of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms on December 9.
China has around 13 million unregistered people， 1 percent of the entire population. They include orphans and children born illegally during the period of strict enforcement of the family-planning policy， the homeless and those who have yet to apply for one or who have simply lost theirs. Those parents who violated family planning policies have often refrained from getting hukou for their children in order to avoid fines. “The number of people without hukou and their distribution and reasons should be made clear... and every citizen’s right to hukou should be protected in accordance with the law，” the statement said.
It was stressed that registration should take place irrespective of family planning and other policy limits.
Judicial Assistance
The Chinese Government allocated 700 million yuan （$109 million） for judicial assistance in 2014 and 2015 respectively， and helped 80，042 people in 2014， according to the Commission for Political and Legal Affairs of the Communist Party of China Central Committee.
A set of guidelines issued in January 2014 state that the judicial assistance system mainly helps people who suffer due to criminal and civil invasion， yet are unable to receive effective compensation through litigation.
However， judicial assistance will not compensate victims for all losses， but only solve their urgent daily and medical needs， said Wang Minyuan， a researcher with the Institute of Law under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
As problems still exist in the judicial assistance system， the Chinese Government has pledged more efforts to improve it. These measures include shortening administrative procedures to allocate funds， increasing assistance efficiency， enhancing transparency and supervision， and cooperation with other departments.
Road Upgrades
China will try to connect every village with an asphalt or concrete road by 2019， as part of a campaign to reduce rural poverty， the Minister of Transport Yang Chuantang said on December 4.
The country still has 28，000 poverty-stricken villages that lack access to asphalt or concrete roads. They are mostly located in mountainous areas where road construction remains difficult， Yang said at a conference on poverty reduction.
China has 70 million rural residents officially classified as poor. It has pledged to lift them out of poverty by 2020.
Heavy investments in improving transportation in underdeveloped areas has made access easier to 42，000 villages by opening bus services， renovating ports and building bridges over the past five years， according to Yang.
A Cleaner Yangtze
The water quality of the Yangtze River， China’s largest waterway， has been improving， with more than 90 percent of the river now meeting the national standard for clean water， the Yangtze River commission said on December 8.
Of all rivers in the Yangtze River drainage area， the sections meeting the standard for clean water have accounted for 77.4 percent of the total length， up from 66.7 percent in 2006， the commission announced. “Although the discharge of waste water has increased， the river is getting cleaner thanks to strict enforcement of discharge standards，”said Yang Yongde， Deputy Director of the Yangtze River Water Resources Protection Bureau.
However， some lakes and reservoirs in this area remain polluted， according to the commission.
The Pride of the Nation
Chinese pharmacologist Tu Youyou （left） is congratulated after receiving the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in Stockholm， Sweden， on December 10.
Tu， 84， was awarded a share of the prize for her contribution in the discovery of artemisinin， a drug that has significantly reduced the mortality rate of malaria patients.
Literate Tibetans
Southwest China’s Tibet Autonomous Region has seen the illiteracy rate of locals aged between 15 and 60 nearly halved during the past five years， according to local educational authorities.
Official figures show the ratio has dropped to 0.52 percent， about 0.5 percentage points lower than that of 2011.
In order to boost school enrollment， Tibet scrapped tuition fees for all children in public kindergartens， primary schools and high schools during the past four years.
Since 1985， the region has allowed the children of farmers and herdsmen to enjoy free accommodation， meals and tuition at boarding schools， with the subsidy for each student increased 14 times over the past few decades， now averaging at 3，000 yuan this year.
Historical documents show that before Tibet was liberated in 1951， only aristocrats had access to education， while serfs and slaves， who accounted for 95 percent of the region’s population， were denied it.
Tibet has 1，855 schools and more than 600，000 students. The enrollment rates of primary schools， junior high schools and high schools have exceeded 98 percent， 96 percent and 74 percent， respectively.
Dinosaur Fossils
Chinese archaeologists excavate the fossils of dinosaurs that lived 180 million years ago in Lufeng County， Yunnan Province， on December 7.
The bones belonged to Lufengosaurus Huenei and Lufengosaurus magnus， two kinds of Massospondylus dinosaurs which lived during the Early Jurassic period， according to researchers.
A total of 410 million Chinese students received financial support from the government between 2010 and 2014， according to data from the Ministry of Education （MOE） on December 9. China spent more than 556 billion yuan （$86.51 billion） between 2010 and 2014 to help students from preschool up to university， according to the MOE report.
In 2014， funds made available for subsidies were 142.1 billion yuan（$22.11 billion）， more than double the amount of 2009.
Zhao Jianjun， a MOE official， said that the ministry， in the next five years， will gradually improve the subsidizing standard to ensure basic schooling needs for students whose families have financial difficulties.
Audit System Reform
China will establish a full-coverage audit system by 2020 that matches the country’s governmental needs， according to an official document released on December 8.
The system will have a full scope of public funds， state assets， state-owned resources and the economic responsibility of government officials， said the document released by the general offices of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council.
Full coverage is a guarantee of national economic security， economic restructuring， the rule of law and a clean government， according to the document.
It also stressed the importance of the independence and supervision of the audit system.
Personnel training， audit information gathering and the integrated management of audit projects will be strengthened.
Seven regions， including Jiangsu， Zhejiang and Chongqing， were selected in 2015 to pilot the system.
Circuit Breaker
China will implement a circuitbreaker mechanism in its stock markets beginning January 1， 2016， in order to curb abnormal price swings.
With the approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission， the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges and China Financial Futures Exchange issued regulations on the mechanism on December 4.
From September 7 to 21， the three bourses collected the public’s opinion on the mechanism， which would temporarily suspend trading in response to huge rises or drops in the stock market.
The latest draft shortened the suspension time in the event of a major swing from half an hour to 15 minutes.
The system will follow changes in the Hushen 300 Index， which reflects the performance of the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. When the index rises or falls by 5 percent， the circuit breaker will trigger a 15-minute suspension in trading.
If the index changes by 5 percent after 2：45 p.m.， or if the index rises or falls by 7 percent throughout the day， trading will be suspended until 3 p.m.—the closing time for daily trading， according to the regulations. China has already set a daily trading limit of 10 percent for the rise and fall of individual stocks.
The new mechanism will cover the trading of all stocks， including convertible bonds， stock options and futures contracts.
Aircraft Deal
A Chinese aircraft manufacturer， the Harbin Aircraft Industry Group（HAIG）， announced on December 7 that it has signed a contract to sell 15 of their Y-12E aircraft to a Russian company.
The aircraft company， a subsidiary of the Aviation Industry Corp. of China （AVIC）， said it signed the contract with Fly AVIA FZE， which provides aviation equipment， repairs and after-sales services to the Russian market.
The aircraft will be delivered in 2017 and the contract is worth an estimated total of 550 million yuan（$87.3 million）， according to the announcement.
The short-haul Y-12 series aircraft are used mainly for passenger and cargo transport， geological exploration， ocean monitoring and agriculture.
It has obtained certification in more than 10 countries， including Russia， the United States， France and the United Kingdom.
Faster Connections
An expressway linking Suining and Xichong in southwest China’s Sichuan Province is completed on December 10. The 67.6 km expressway， connected to several national highway lines， will bring great convenience to the local people.
Panda Bonds
The government of South Korea will issue 3 billion yuan （$470 million） worth of panda bonds， the first sovereign government to sell such bonds， the People’s Bank of China（PBOC）， the central bank， said on December 8.
The yuan-denominated bonds will be sold on China’s domestic interbank market， the PBOC said in a statement. The announcement gave no information on when the bonds would be issued， nor provided extensive details regarding its maturity or coupons.
The agreement to issue the bonds， reached when Chinese Premier Li Keqiang visited South Korea in November， will diversify China’s interbank bond market， promote the country’s opening up and enhance bilateral financial cooperation， the central bank said.
Panda bonds are yuandenominated debts sold by foreign countries and overseas agencies in China. Analysts expect the bond market to expand as China pushes the internationalization of its currency.
According to the World Bank’s International Finance Corp.， the panda bond market is expected to surpass 320 billion yuan （$49.82 billion） in the next five years. Ready for an Official Run
Technicians test maglev trains in Changsha， capital of central China’s Hunan Province， on December 8.
The first mid-low speed maglev train project， designed and constructed by China Railway Construction Corp. Ltd.， will be put into use very soon. The 18.5-km route connects the Changsha South Railway Station to Changsha Huanghua International Airport.
Price Indexes
China’s consumer price index， a main gauge of inflation， grew 1.5 percent year-on-year in November， up from a rise of 1.3 percent in October， data from the National Bureau of Statistics （NBS） showed on December 9.
The reading was slightly higher than a 1.4-percent increase for the first 11 months， the NBS said.
The NBS attributed the rise mainly to growing food prices， as vegetable prices surged 9.4 percent year-on-year in November， while prices for meat and poultry products rose by 6.2 percent.
Meanwhile， consumer prices mostly stayed flat on a monthly basis.
On the other hand， China’s producer prices fell for the 45th straight month but at a narrower rate than market expectations， data from the NBS showed.
The producer price index （PPI）， a measure of the costs for goods at the factory gate， dropped by 5.9 percent year-on-year， unchanged from the rate seen in the previous three months.
The PPI in November edged down 0.5 percent month-on-month mainly due to a price drop in the non-ferrous metal-smelting and oilprocessing industry. The index fell 5.2 percent from a year ago during the January-November period.
Foreign Trade
China’s foreign trade dropped 7.6 percent year-on-year to $340.38 billion in November， the ninthconsecutive monthly decline， according to data presented by the General Administration of Customs（GAC） on December 8.
The level of decline in November was significantly poignant compared to the 12.1-percent year-on-year plunge registered in October， bolstered by increased electrical exports， according to the GAC.
Exports dropped by 6.8 percent， the fifth straight month of decline， to$197.24 billion and imports fell for the 13th consecutive month by 8.7 percent to $143.14 billion.
In the first 11 months， foreign trade dropped by 8.5 percent yearon-year to $3.56 trillion. Exports dropped by 3 percent to $2.05 trillion， and imports fell by 15.1 percent to $1.51 trillion.
“Low commodity prices， sluggish external and internal demand were to blame for the trade decline，”said Zhang Shuyu， a researcher at the University of International Business and Economics.“Challenges will remain for Chinese trade， given sluggish global growth and low commodity prices.”
Time to Shop
Local residents select products at a cross-border purchasing experience center in Wuqing District， north China’s Tianjin， on December 5.
After the China （Tianjin） Pilot Free Trade Zone was inaugurated in April， the city was selected for crossborder e-commerce trials.