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[摘要] 目的 通過分析重度子痫前期孕妇分娩早产儿的新生儿期临床特点及预后,探讨重度子痫前期对早产儿呼吸系统并发症的影响。方法 2016年11月—2018年11月,选取入住我院新生儿重症监护室(NICU)重度子痫前期孕妇分娩早产儿163例为子痫组,同期住院血压正常孕妇分娩胎龄匹配早产儿291例为对照组,对两组孕妇及其新生儿临床资料进行分析,观察两组早产儿呼吸系统疾病发生和呼吸支持情况。结果 两组孕妇年龄、孕产次、早产儿胎龄、妊娠期糖尿病、胎膜早破、绒毛膜羊膜炎等相比较,差异均无显著意义(P>0.05)。与对照组比较,子痫组早产儿出生体质量和Apgar评分(1 min)降低(t=-8.844、-2.322,P<0.01);新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)、支气管肺发育不良(BPD)及重度BPD发生率升高(χ2=-5.432、5.455,uc=-2.402,P<0.05);无创通气时间及用氧时间明显延长(Z=-3.518、-2.772,P<0.01),但有创通气时间、肺表面活性物质使用及次数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 重度子痫前期可导致胎儿宫内生长受限,增加NRDS、BPD的发生,延长早产儿需氧及呼吸支持时间。
[关键词] 先兆子痫;婴儿,早产;呼吸窘迫综合征,新生儿;支气管肺发育不良
[中图分类号] R722.6 [文献标志码] A [文章编号] 2096-5532(2021)01-0129-04
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical outcome and prognosis of preterm infants born to mothers with severe preeclampsia in the neonatal period and the influence of severe preeclampsia on respiratory system complications in preterm infants. MethodsA total of 163 preterm infants born to mothers with severe preeclampsia who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in our hospital from November 2016 to November 2018 were enrolled as eclampsia group, and 291 preterm infants, matched for gestational age, whose mothers had normal blood pressure, were enrolled as control group. The clinical data of the pregnant women and their neonates were analyzed, and the incidence rate of respiratory diseases and respiratory support were observed for the two groups. ResultsThere were no significant differences between the two groups in maternal age, times of pregnancy and delivery, gestational age of preterm infants, gestational diabetes, premature rupture of membranes, and chorioamnionitis (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the eclampsia group had significantly lower birth weight and 1-minute Apgar score (t=-8.844,-2.322;P<0.01), significantly higher incidence rates of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and severe BPD (χ2=-5.432,5.455;uc=-2.402;P<0.05), and significantly longer duration of noninvasive ventilation and oxygen supply time (Z=-3.518,-2.772;P<0.01). There were no significant differences in duration of invasive ventilation and number of times of pulmonary surfactant administration between the two groups (P>0.05). ConclusionSevere preeclampsia can cause intrauterine growth restriction of the fetus, increase the incidence rates of NRDS and BPD, and prolong the duration of oxygen supply and respiratory support in preterm infants. [KEY WORDS]pre-eclampsia; infant, premature; respiratory distress syndrome, newborn; bronchopulmonary dysplasia
重度子痫前期是妊娠期特发性疾病,严重威胁孕产妇和胎儿的生命安全。多数学者认为,患有重度子痫前期的孕妇孕周达34周即可终止妊娠,此措施是人为导致早产儿发生率增加的因素之一[1-3]。近期研究表明,重度子痫可导致早产儿发育不成熟的肺进一步受损[4]。本研究通过比较重度子痫前期孕妇分娩的早产儿与血压正常孕妇分娩早产儿的临床特点,探讨重度子痫前期对早产儿呼吸系统的影响,为指导重度子痫前期孕妇及其分娩的早产儿围生期管理提供参考。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
2016年11月—2018年11月,选取入住我院新生儿重症监护室(NICU)的163例重度子痫前期孕妇分娩早产儿为子痫组,选取同期住院血压正常孕妇分娩、胎龄与子痫组匹配的早产儿291例为对照组。所有孕妇既往均无原发性高血压、内分泌疾病、心力衰竭、急慢性肾炎、肿瘤等器质性疾病,新生儿均无胎儿畸形及染色体异常。本研究经医院伦理学委员会批准。
1.2 诊断标准
产科相关疾病包括重度子痫前期、妊娠期糖尿病、绒毛膜羊膜炎的诊断参照第8版《妇产科学》[5]标准。新生儿相关疾病包括小于胎龄儿(SGA)、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)、支气管肺发育不良(BPD)诊断标准参照第4版《新生儿科学》[6]。肺表面活性物质(PS)应用指征[7]:新生儿出生后需在产房应用气管插管;胎龄<26周吸入氧体积分数>0.30,胎龄≥26周吸入氧体积分数>0.40;如病情进展,持续吸氧且吸入氧体积分数>0.40或需有创通气,给予第2、3次猪肺PS(固尔苏,每支120 mg)治疗(首剂200 mg/kg,次剂100 mg/kg)。无创持续正压通气(CPAP)指征[8]:出生后出现三凹征、呼吸困难;动脉血氧分压<6.65 kPa或经皮监测氧饱和度<90%,需吸氧;呼吸暂停;使用无创通气时给予压力0.59~0.78 kPa。有创机械通气(MV)指征[8]:频繁呼吸暂停,经咖啡因以及无创通气干预无效;吸氧体积分数>0.60,动脉血氧分压<6.65 kPa或经皮监测氧饱和度<85%(除外发绀型先天性心脏病);动脉血二氧化碳分压>7.98 kPa,且伴持续性酸中毒(pH值<7.20)。
1.3 观察指标
比较两组孕妇的年龄、孕产次、双胎妊娠、妊娠期糖尿病、胎膜早破、绒毛膜羊膜炎,早产儿的胎龄、体质量、性别、Apgar评分(1、5 min)、NRDS与BPD发生情况以及无创通气和有创通气时间、用氧时间、是否应用PS及多次使用PS情况。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计学分析,符合正态分布的计量资料结果以±s形式表示,数据间比较采用t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料采用中位数和四分位数间距(M(P25~P75))描述,数据间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料应用构成比和率描述,组间比较采用χ2检验;等级资料比较采用Wilson秩和检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结 果
2.1 两组孕妇及早产儿一般资料比较
两组孕妇年龄、孕产次、妊娠期糖尿病、胎膜早破、绒毛膜羊膜炎、胎龄、双胎及男婴数量等比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。子痫组早产儿出生体质量明显低于对照组,差异有显著性(t=-8.844,P<0.01)。子痫组SGA发生率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=23.879,P<0.01)。见表1。
2.2 两组早产儿呼吸系统并发症情况比较
子痫组早产儿1 min Apgar评分较對照组低,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.322,P<0.05),5 min Apgar评分与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。子痫组早产儿NRDS以及BPD的发生率均较对照组高,差异均具有统计学意义(χ2=-5.432、5.455,P<0.05);且子痫组早产儿重度BPD发生率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(uc=-2.402,P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 两组早产儿呼吸支持情况比较
子痫组早产儿无创通气时间及用氧时间较对照组均明显延长,差异均有统计学意义(Z=-3.518、-2.772,P<0.01),但两组有创通气时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。子痫组早产儿使用PS比例高且使用次数多于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3。
3 讨 论
子痫前期是妊娠期妇女特有且常见的疾病,严重影响母婴健康,是孕产妇和围生儿病死率升高的主要原因[9-10]。由于重度子痫前期围生儿的死亡率高、孕妇的并发症出现早且严重,受到了国内外许多学者的关注。重度子痫前期对围生儿的影响主要是早产及其并发症、胎儿宫内生长发育受限、围生儿死亡等[11-12]。国内外有研究表明,重度子痫前期是近年来使早产增加的一种重要的孕产妇并发症[13-15]。早产儿各器官、系统发育不成熟,并发症多且死亡率高,其中早产儿呼吸问题是关注的重点。本研究通过分析重度子痫前期孕妇分娩早产儿的一般情况及呼吸系统并发症,探讨重度子痫前期对早产儿的影响,以期为新生儿科了解此类早产儿并发症及产科对重度子痫孕妇的期待治疗提供一定的参考。
本研究通过对胎龄、孕妇年龄、孕产次及胎膜早破、绒毛膜羊膜炎等均匹配的子痫组和对照组早产儿研究显示,子痫组早产儿出生体质量低,SGA的发生率明显高于对照组。原因可能与重度子痫前期孕妇子宫螺旋小动脉重铸不足、胎盘血流量减少,胎儿长期处于缺血低氧环境,影响生长发育有关。且有研究表明,重度子痫前期合并SGA孕妇分娩的早产儿死亡率较非SGA早产儿高[16-17],这对产科进行子痫前期孕妇期待治疗具有一定的指导意义。 呼吸系統疾病是影响早产儿近远期预后的一个重要因素。本研究显示,子痫组早产儿出生时Apgar(1 min)评分、NRDS和BPD的发生率均高于对照组,其中重度BPD的发生率也较对照组高,同时子痫组早产儿无创通气时间和用氧时间更长。这些结果说明在宫内慢性低氧环境下,早产儿肺发育受到一定程度的影响。多项研究结果表明,子痫前期孕妇体内抗血管生成因子水平较高,血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平较低,而VEGF在肺血管发育中起关键作用,其可促进肺泡生长、增强表面活性物质生成[18-20]。胎儿在宫内PS产生不足,导致NRDS发生风险增加,同时胎儿长时间暴露于宫内抗血管生成环境中,可能导致BPD的进一步加剧。近年国外的一些多中心研究结果表明,子痫前期与NRDS、BPD的发生有一定的相关性,可能导致这些疾病的发生率增加[21-23]。但本文子痫组新生儿有创通气时间及PS使用情况与对照组比较差异无统计学意义,可能原因为重度子痫前期对早产儿远期肺发育影响更显著。
此外,本研究纳入的重度子痫前期孕妇年龄及产次偏高,可能与高龄产妇重度子痫前期发病率高有关,也与近年来二孩政策放开、孕妇年龄普遍增高及孕育二孩有关。有研究表明,既往发生重度子痫前期的孕产妇下次妊娠再发子痫的风险明显升高,且病情较严重,围生期并发症、新生儿窒息、早产和围生儿死亡发生率也显著增加[24-25]。因此,应加强孕妇围生期管理,预防妊娠期高血压以降低早产与低出生体质量儿及其并发症发生率。子痫孕妇需及早控制血压升高,解除微小血管痉挛,提高胎盘供氧能力,避免或延缓重度子痫前期发生时间,尽可能延长妊娠期,以改善围生儿的预后[26-29]。
综上所述,重度子痫前期可导致胎儿宫内生长受限,增加NRDS、BPD的发生,延长早产儿需氧及呼吸支持时间。因此,需加强围生期管理,产科应酌情进行期待治疗,积极干预及治疗早产儿并发症,以提高围生儿生存质量,改善预后。
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(本文编辑 黄建乡)
[关键词] 先兆子痫;婴儿,早产;呼吸窘迫综合征,新生儿;支气管肺发育不良
[中图分类号] R722.6 [文献标志码] A [文章编号] 2096-5532(2021)01-0129-04
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical outcome and prognosis of preterm infants born to mothers with severe preeclampsia in the neonatal period and the influence of severe preeclampsia on respiratory system complications in preterm infants. MethodsA total of 163 preterm infants born to mothers with severe preeclampsia who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in our hospital from November 2016 to November 2018 were enrolled as eclampsia group, and 291 preterm infants, matched for gestational age, whose mothers had normal blood pressure, were enrolled as control group. The clinical data of the pregnant women and their neonates were analyzed, and the incidence rate of respiratory diseases and respiratory support were observed for the two groups. ResultsThere were no significant differences between the two groups in maternal age, times of pregnancy and delivery, gestational age of preterm infants, gestational diabetes, premature rupture of membranes, and chorioamnionitis (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the eclampsia group had significantly lower birth weight and 1-minute Apgar score (t=-8.844,-2.322;P<0.01), significantly higher incidence rates of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and severe BPD (χ2=-5.432,5.455;uc=-2.402;P<0.05), and significantly longer duration of noninvasive ventilation and oxygen supply time (Z=-3.518,-2.772;P<0.01). There were no significant differences in duration of invasive ventilation and number of times of pulmonary surfactant administration between the two groups (P>0.05). ConclusionSevere preeclampsia can cause intrauterine growth restriction of the fetus, increase the incidence rates of NRDS and BPD, and prolong the duration of oxygen supply and respiratory support in preterm infants. [KEY WORDS]pre-eclampsia; infant, premature; respiratory distress syndrome, newborn; bronchopulmonary dysplasia
重度子痫前期是妊娠期特发性疾病,严重威胁孕产妇和胎儿的生命安全。多数学者认为,患有重度子痫前期的孕妇孕周达34周即可终止妊娠,此措施是人为导致早产儿发生率增加的因素之一[1-3]。近期研究表明,重度子痫可导致早产儿发育不成熟的肺进一步受损[4]。本研究通过比较重度子痫前期孕妇分娩的早产儿与血压正常孕妇分娩早产儿的临床特点,探讨重度子痫前期对早产儿呼吸系统的影响,为指导重度子痫前期孕妇及其分娩的早产儿围生期管理提供参考。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
2016年11月—2018年11月,选取入住我院新生儿重症监护室(NICU)的163例重度子痫前期孕妇分娩早产儿为子痫组,选取同期住院血压正常孕妇分娩、胎龄与子痫组匹配的早产儿291例为对照组。所有孕妇既往均无原发性高血压、内分泌疾病、心力衰竭、急慢性肾炎、肿瘤等器质性疾病,新生儿均无胎儿畸形及染色体异常。本研究经医院伦理学委员会批准。
1.2 诊断标准
产科相关疾病包括重度子痫前期、妊娠期糖尿病、绒毛膜羊膜炎的诊断参照第8版《妇产科学》[5]标准。新生儿相关疾病包括小于胎龄儿(SGA)、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)、支气管肺发育不良(BPD)诊断标准参照第4版《新生儿科学》[6]。肺表面活性物质(PS)应用指征[7]:新生儿出生后需在产房应用气管插管;胎龄<26周吸入氧体积分数>0.30,胎龄≥26周吸入氧体积分数>0.40;如病情进展,持续吸氧且吸入氧体积分数>0.40或需有创通气,给予第2、3次猪肺PS(固尔苏,每支120 mg)治疗(首剂200 mg/kg,次剂100 mg/kg)。无创持续正压通气(CPAP)指征[8]:出生后出现三凹征、呼吸困难;动脉血氧分压<6.65 kPa或经皮监测氧饱和度<90%,需吸氧;呼吸暂停;使用无创通气时给予压力0.59~0.78 kPa。有创机械通气(MV)指征[8]:频繁呼吸暂停,经咖啡因以及无创通气干预无效;吸氧体积分数>0.60,动脉血氧分压<6.65 kPa或经皮监测氧饱和度<85%(除外发绀型先天性心脏病);动脉血二氧化碳分压>7.98 kPa,且伴持续性酸中毒(pH值<7.20)。
1.3 观察指标
比较两组孕妇的年龄、孕产次、双胎妊娠、妊娠期糖尿病、胎膜早破、绒毛膜羊膜炎,早产儿的胎龄、体质量、性别、Apgar评分(1、5 min)、NRDS与BPD发生情况以及无创通气和有创通气时间、用氧时间、是否应用PS及多次使用PS情况。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计学分析,符合正态分布的计量资料结果以±s形式表示,数据间比较采用t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料采用中位数和四分位数间距(M(P25~P75))描述,数据间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料应用构成比和率描述,组间比较采用χ2检验;等级资料比较采用Wilson秩和检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结 果
2.1 两组孕妇及早产儿一般资料比较
两组孕妇年龄、孕产次、妊娠期糖尿病、胎膜早破、绒毛膜羊膜炎、胎龄、双胎及男婴数量等比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。子痫组早产儿出生体质量明显低于对照组,差异有显著性(t=-8.844,P<0.01)。子痫组SGA发生率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=23.879,P<0.01)。见表1。
2.2 两组早产儿呼吸系统并发症情况比较
子痫组早产儿1 min Apgar评分较對照组低,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.322,P<0.05),5 min Apgar评分与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。子痫组早产儿NRDS以及BPD的发生率均较对照组高,差异均具有统计学意义(χ2=-5.432、5.455,P<0.05);且子痫组早产儿重度BPD发生率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(uc=-2.402,P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 两组早产儿呼吸支持情况比较
子痫组早产儿无创通气时间及用氧时间较对照组均明显延长,差异均有统计学意义(Z=-3.518、-2.772,P<0.01),但两组有创通气时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。子痫组早产儿使用PS比例高且使用次数多于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3。
3 讨 论
子痫前期是妊娠期妇女特有且常见的疾病,严重影响母婴健康,是孕产妇和围生儿病死率升高的主要原因[9-10]。由于重度子痫前期围生儿的死亡率高、孕妇的并发症出现早且严重,受到了国内外许多学者的关注。重度子痫前期对围生儿的影响主要是早产及其并发症、胎儿宫内生长发育受限、围生儿死亡等[11-12]。国内外有研究表明,重度子痫前期是近年来使早产增加的一种重要的孕产妇并发症[13-15]。早产儿各器官、系统发育不成熟,并发症多且死亡率高,其中早产儿呼吸问题是关注的重点。本研究通过分析重度子痫前期孕妇分娩早产儿的一般情况及呼吸系统并发症,探讨重度子痫前期对早产儿的影响,以期为新生儿科了解此类早产儿并发症及产科对重度子痫孕妇的期待治疗提供一定的参考。
本研究通过对胎龄、孕妇年龄、孕产次及胎膜早破、绒毛膜羊膜炎等均匹配的子痫组和对照组早产儿研究显示,子痫组早产儿出生体质量低,SGA的发生率明显高于对照组。原因可能与重度子痫前期孕妇子宫螺旋小动脉重铸不足、胎盘血流量减少,胎儿长期处于缺血低氧环境,影响生长发育有关。且有研究表明,重度子痫前期合并SGA孕妇分娩的早产儿死亡率较非SGA早产儿高[16-17],这对产科进行子痫前期孕妇期待治疗具有一定的指导意义。 呼吸系統疾病是影响早产儿近远期预后的一个重要因素。本研究显示,子痫组早产儿出生时Apgar(1 min)评分、NRDS和BPD的发生率均高于对照组,其中重度BPD的发生率也较对照组高,同时子痫组早产儿无创通气时间和用氧时间更长。这些结果说明在宫内慢性低氧环境下,早产儿肺发育受到一定程度的影响。多项研究结果表明,子痫前期孕妇体内抗血管生成因子水平较高,血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平较低,而VEGF在肺血管发育中起关键作用,其可促进肺泡生长、增强表面活性物质生成[18-20]。胎儿在宫内PS产生不足,导致NRDS发生风险增加,同时胎儿长时间暴露于宫内抗血管生成环境中,可能导致BPD的进一步加剧。近年国外的一些多中心研究结果表明,子痫前期与NRDS、BPD的发生有一定的相关性,可能导致这些疾病的发生率增加[21-23]。但本文子痫组新生儿有创通气时间及PS使用情况与对照组比较差异无统计学意义,可能原因为重度子痫前期对早产儿远期肺发育影响更显著。
此外,本研究纳入的重度子痫前期孕妇年龄及产次偏高,可能与高龄产妇重度子痫前期发病率高有关,也与近年来二孩政策放开、孕妇年龄普遍增高及孕育二孩有关。有研究表明,既往发生重度子痫前期的孕产妇下次妊娠再发子痫的风险明显升高,且病情较严重,围生期并发症、新生儿窒息、早产和围生儿死亡发生率也显著增加[24-25]。因此,应加强孕妇围生期管理,预防妊娠期高血压以降低早产与低出生体质量儿及其并发症发生率。子痫孕妇需及早控制血压升高,解除微小血管痉挛,提高胎盘供氧能力,避免或延缓重度子痫前期发生时间,尽可能延长妊娠期,以改善围生儿的预后[26-29]。
综上所述,重度子痫前期可导致胎儿宫内生长受限,增加NRDS、BPD的发生,延长早产儿需氧及呼吸支持时间。因此,需加强围生期管理,产科应酌情进行期待治疗,积极干预及治疗早产儿并发症,以提高围生儿生存质量,改善预后。
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(本文编辑 黄建乡)