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On April 16th，2015， the State Council of China officially released The Action Plan for Water Pollution Prevention and Control （abbreviated as “Ten Articles for Water”）， carrying out the most strict scheme for origin protection and ecological restoration， saving and protecting water resources， and fully ensuring the ecological safety of water. The “Ten Articles for Water” proposes that over 70 percent of the water in the basins of China's top seven major rivers should be "in good condition" by 2020. The targeted rivers include the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. The “black and smelly” waters in regional cities and higher-level areas will be reduced to 10%. By 2030， over 75 percent of the water in the basins of China's top seven major rivers should be "in good condition"， the “black and smelly” waters in urban areas will be eliminated， and about 95 percent of the urban centralized drinking water supply will be “in good condition” or better. By the middle of the century， the ecological environment will be improved comprehensively， and a virtuous circle of the ecological system will be realized. It’s a comforting goal， but also a challenging task.
Water pollution is an urgent task during the new development period of China. Since the reform and opening up， the phenomenon of water pollution have become increasingly prominent. There were 11，000 incidents of water environment since 1995， with 1.5 incidents happening everyday in average. 1/10 of the surface water of China has lost its function； 1/4 of major lakes are in the state of exceeded nutrition； among the monitoring spots， nearly 60% are in the state of relatively poor and 1/6 are in the state of extremely poor； among the 9 major bays of China， 6 are in the state of poor or extremely poor.
The total amount of water resource of China is also decreasing continuously. From 1950 to 1999， the annual statistics of the total amount in average is 2795 billion m3. However， in the recent 15 years， the annual amount in average has decreased 2680 billion m3. The decreasing trend of the water resource per person is even more apparent. From 2000 to 2014， the average amount reached 1990m3/person， meaning China entering the list of countries scarce of water.
This kind of situation has severely influenced people's life and economic development， leaving countless potential hazards for the future generations， which needs urgent actions to treat it scientifically and protect it strictly.
To set scientific standards for monitoring the conditions of water resources It requires scientific measuring standards to get the real conditions of water resources.
In 1992， the author worked as a senior consultant for high-tech and environment in the scientific and technological department of UNESCO and chaired the setting of standards for water resources and environment， which has been adopted by many countries including the US， France， and Vietnam.
In the past， there was only a vague standard of 1700m3 per person in the UNESCO. In order to set the standards for water resources and environment， we organized people to review the materials of water resources in 110 countries and 320 regions under the framework of UN. Through organizing and analyzing， the accurate standard was the average amount of statistics： "rich water resources" means the water per person is above 3000m3； "slightly short of water" means water per person is between 2000m3 to 3000m3； "medium short of water" means water per person is between 1000m3 to 2000m3； "seriously lack of water" means water per person is between 500m3 to 1000m3； "extreme water scarcity" means water per person is under 500m3； 300m3 water per person is the lowest standard for maintaining sustainable.
The fact is that this standard complies with the actual situations of most countries and regions in the world. At present， apart from the 6 countries with "rich water resources"， till 2050， the water per person of most other countries will be below 3000m3， meaning the most part of the world will entering the state of "short of water" from "rich water resources".
Given that the regions with "extreme water scarcity" is invariably increasing， we set the lowest standard for maintaining sustainable development at 300m3 per person， which is of important reference meaning to cross basin water diversion and migration caused by water scarcity.
The above-mentioned standard is only for the water needed in daily life and production. For example， in the oasis with vast land and sparse population， the water resources per person in average may be a lot， but the water ecological system there is very fragile and vulnerable and the sustainable development is still hard to maintain， so we set the conception of "ecological water" and establish the water ecological standards for surface runoffs.
Water resource， water environment， and water ecology is three subsystems of water and they are also a unified entity and cannot be separated. Without water recourse， there will be no so-called water environment； without a good water ecological system， there will be no good water recourse （quantity） and a good water environment （quality）. The misunderstanding in the past is the separation of the unified entity， forming the disadvantaged conditions of "nine dragons managing waters" （Chinese slang， meaning there are many authorities managing the situations but there is no unified standards）. After obtaining the scientific understanding towards the actual situations， we must have theoretical guidance. The author conducted field investigation and theory research in 1985， and established and improved the project management dynamic balance model for water total amount control.
The model aims to realize the total amount control of water within the basin， realizing the dynamic balance of quantity and quality， supply and demand， to guarantee the sustainable development by sustainable use of water resources. According to the laws of water circulation， the time unit for total amount control is year， and the models are listed as follows：
The total demand of water WD=the total supply of water WS；
The WD includes： water demand in life DI， water demand in production Dp， and water demand in ecology De， De，WD=Dl+Dp+De；
The WS includes： groundwater Wg， underground water Wu， and reused water Wr， WS=Wg+Wu+Wr；
Dl+Dp+De=Wg+Wu+Wr.
This model converts the traditional "demand decides supply" pattern to "supply decides demand". Two-way adjustment is adopted through construction and operation management to maintain the dynamic balance between the Dl， Dp， De and Wg， Wu， Wr. This balance is not a still one， but a dynamic one； is not an arithmetic one， but a function one； is not merely numerical， but also includes the balance of quality. Only this kind of balance can analyze the demand and suppy scientifically and comprehensively， realize the harmony between human and nature， guarantee the development of economy， and ensure the safety of various water usage and water ecological system.
According to hydrology and ecology， the distribution of water resources and the ecological system supported by it is divided by the unit of watershed， so a human-nature harmony system of water use shall be in compliance with the water basins， namely a systematic analyzing model based on the boundary of watershed.
The key for water conservation is to grasp the three “Red Controlling Lines”
Water conservation is the key to prevent water contamination. Water conservation can prevent water contamination from two perspectives： the increase of clean water can improve the self-cleaning ability of water and increase the tolerance of water environment； using less water can reduce the discharge of pollutants. Therefore， the foundation for the prevention and management of water environment is to control the use of water. Merely emphasizing the constriction of water disposal or treatment plants without knowing "water conservation comes first" is the mistake lies in both theories and measurements. To genuinely conserve the water resources， the key is to stick to the three "red controlling lines".
The Red Controlling Line for water resource exploitation
The basic guiding thought for setting the red controlling line for water resource exploitation in China is to fully consider the tolerance capacity of water resources.
Since entering the 21st century， the amount of water used in average is about 550m3 per person. The current amount of water used per person is about 440m3. The Ministry of Water Resources proposed that till 2020 the total amount of used water will be controlled at 670 billion m3， namely 465m3 per person， which is lower by 15% than the average level in the world.
In terms of the total amount of water， the average amount of water of China in the past 6 decades is about 27700 trillion m3. According to the research conducted by the UNESCO， the used amount shall be less than 25% of the total amount to avoid considerable influence on ecological system. It's predicted that the used amount of water of China in 2020 will be 24.2% of the total amount， reaching the ultimate limit. Therefore， the red controlling line for water resource exploitation by 2020 proposed by the Ministry of Water Resources complies with the actual situations of China and we must firmly grasp it.
The Red Controlling Line for water with efficiency
The guiding thought of setting the red controlling line for water use efficiency is the transformation of the economic development model and realizing the harmony between human and water in the perspective of resource exploitation. It is of crucial importance to a state whose rapid development depends on natural resources like China.
In 2013， the production ability per cube meter water is 20.4 dollars， and the production ability per cube meter in China in 2014 is 14.4 dollars， which is 30% lower than the world average level. The figure now is still decreasing. If in 2020， China can improve the water use efficiency to the world average level， the GDP can be doubled with 670 billion m3 used water in total， and since then China will enter a stage where the GDP is not in linear correlation with water usage. It requires China has to decrease the water consumption per unit of GDP from 2015 to 2020 by at least 5% every year. Under the guidance of the concepts of circular economy， we shall let the market play the full role in water resource distribution， build up the concept of "decrease the water usage per GDP" in all walks of life and promote the transformation and upgrade of economic structure. The Red Controlling Line for pollution in water function zones
The basic guiding thought for the setting of the red limit line for pollution in water function zones is "the harmony between human activities and natural resources".
In 2011， China completed the division of water function zones. The limited pollution capacity is according to the total pollutants received in a certain watershed， namely the total amount of wasted and polluted water received via ground water， exchange of underground water and the wasted water generated in the inner origin source. For instance， in 2009， the total amount of water discharged in China is 76.8 billion tons， taking up 2.9% of the total amount of water resources. The net ratio of self-decomposition and self-cleaning is 1/34.7， and the ratio of self-decomposition and self-cleaning for ordinary watershed is 1/40， namely with 22 billion extra tons of wasted and polluted water discharged. In order to reach the limited pollution capacity， based on 2009， there are still 22 billion tons of wasted and polluted water to be discharged annually， or conducting First-Class processing for 44 billion tons of wasted or polluted water （after processing， the ratio of self-decomposition and self-cleaning is 1/20） before discharging. In this way， the general processing ratio of wasted and polluted water above the First Level in China will be more than 60%.
Highlighted Problems during the Implementation of Ten Article for Water-To face the fierce situation scientifically for water system degeneration
Water quality and quantity are inseparable and over exploitation and utilization of water resources is the main reason for "dirty water". At present， the standard rate of water functional area in China is only 47.4%， which is a serious problem. On the one hand， massive water usage has generated a large amount of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage， polluting the water environment. On the other hand， the excessive utilization of water resources has largely deduced the self-purification capacity of water ecosystem， resulting in a severe degradation of water ecosystem such as the dying up of rivers， lake atrophy， drying wetlands and groundwater level decline. Therefore， measures must be taken to stop the degradation of water ecosystem.
Macro strategic thoughts of adjusting water resources utilization
Apart from carrying out policies such as supply and demand balance， strict control， water conservation and renewable water reuse of total water consumption， the following aspects should be also taken into consideration. To adjust grain producing areas according to the overall layout of water resources is necessary. Since over 80% of the total amount of water resources in China is in the south， "Sending Grain to the North" is popular in China's history which can fully utilize the water resources in the south. At present， 60% of China's grain production is yielded in the north. The total water output each ton yield is roughly equal， while 54% of agricultural water utilization in the north is only 20% of the total water resources. Planting gain in the semi-arid region causes water shortages. Animal husbandry shift to the northern barren grassland has caused excessive grazing， which greatly weakened the self-purification capacity of water resources in the north.
To adjust the industrial structure， to change the industrial structure of agriculture and cultivation industry by adopting the standard of water use efficiency under the premise to ensure food production. To conduct technical transformation like coal bed gas to the coal mining industry of massive water use to realize water conservation in a large amount. To adjust the industrial structure based on the local water resources.
To protect the water resources areas， especially the sources of large rivers and drinking water sources. Specific measures could be taken to turn farmland to forest， close hillsides to facilitate afforestation and to build mixed forest to ensure water storage capacity of soil and minimize soil erosion.
To implement total amount control of water resources on the basis of water rights clarification
The first superiority to control total amount control of water resources is to conform water rights including emission right and to allocate water resources according to laws. By studying the theory of water rights in multiple disciplines and combining it with the actual establishment of the principle of water rights allocation in our country， we should draw lessons from foreign experience to determine the initial water rights and make clear announcement of China's principles to the international world. Based on the "water right， water price and water market" thought train， It's time to establish and fulfill series of laws and regulations such as water permit system for water utilization and refund， water resources tax system， reasonable water price mechanism， water market access system and transaction （including emissions trading rules）. To realize the law-based administration and to "control water" by laws are what to do. To make scientific planning on water pollution treatment
To do work in water resources management， water environment management and water ecological restoration planning. Profound and long-term field investigation should be conducted before developing the planning， which should be in urgent need of the current situation and fit the local conditions. A workable verification mechanism should be established and it must not turn into unrealistic formalism.
To set up planning and clear responsibilities to promote the implementation
In fact， China has introduced a set of relevant planning on water environment management and water ecological restoration， basically in coverage of the city level. However， because of the lack of scientific theoretical basis， practical experience， in-depth investigation and careful working style， quite a lot of planning is not carried out in practice to guide the actual work. This is the situation that we must work hard to improve. Among them， the most important is to "clear and implement the responsibilities of the parties" and "to strengthen the public participation and social supervision" and to clear the responsibility of the planners particularly. All levels of the planners are all in important responsibility and should establish planning to develop the responsibility system. The international practice should be referred to establish the expert team （1/2 from the relevant disciplines of none peer）， the various cadres at all levels （1/3 for the grassroots and 1/3 for the retirement） and local public representatives （1/2 for water pollution victims）， each of them accounted for 1/3 of the planning committee. The Committee has the right to veto and cooperate with the media to supervise the full implementation of the plan. To set up tracking record according to the water quality data published in the regular publication， try to find problems at all time to make an assessment on the final effect. If the planning has problems， the planner should be accounted according to certain regulations and laws.
To strengthen scientific support on the water environment management
China's sewage management is in the emphasis on environmental engineering technology research， environmental engineering and scientific research has a gap with current situation. As a new interdisciplinary subject， environmental science is the integration of ecology， system theory， chemistry， biology， water engineering， hydrology and economics. This kind of subject combines large system analysis with the empirical study and has put forward high requirements for the researchers. For instance， strong English reading ability is necessary to understand the world. Meanwhile， there is almost no record of the ecological data of longer than 80 years before in the world， so it is a must for the researchers to site-visit all kinds of water environment and ecological system all over the world to facilitate China's flood control. We should not do research behind closed doors and also cannot only rely on attending the international conference to obtain information. At the same time， the environmental engineering science and environmental engineering technology has the phenomenon of disconnection. The research direction is not clear， which makes the environmental engineering science and environmental planning is lacking of support and many outstanding problems are difficult to solve. To construct a water conservancy personnel of high quality
We should establish comprehensive water conservancy personnel in different levels. It should contains workers， technicians on water pollution management and experts who are familiar with the regime and proficient in flood history and current situation， besides， composite experts who know well of all aspects like system theory， ecology， management， hydrology， and economics. Water conservancy management personnel that are familiar with the water science and water conservancy are also needed to manage specific matters in a strict and scientific mode.
In general， we should do the followings to solve the problems of water environment. Firstly， cross disciplines other than isolated research should be adopted to solve the problem. Secondly， the management should be clear and coordinative. Thirdly， the train of thoughts should be comprehensive and thorough. As long as we clarify the responsibility of each participant and implement law-based administration， the grand goal of "Ten Articles for Water" will be achieved and the level of China's water pollution management is also expected to reach the international advanced level.
Wu Jisong， foreign academician of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering， director of the "Blue Sky and Water Think-tank" of Beihang University， the former deputy director of the National Water Conservation Office and director of the Department of Water Resources Division of the Ministry of Water Resources， the former consultant of high technology and environment of the Science and Technology Department of the UNESCO.
The "Blue Sky and Water Think-tank"， formerly established in China's circular economy research center in Beihang University in 2004， is an innovative platform for multidisciplinary comprehensive research which has achieved series of advanced and innovative researches in fields of the knowledge-based economy， circular economy， water resources management， water pollution control and water ecological restoration. The center has published books such as China might not be in Shortage of Water， A 100-Country Field Study & 20-Province Pilot Projects on Ecological Restoration， China's economic development approach， the Top-level Design， Roadmap and Timetable of the New Urbanization. The "Blue Sky and Water Think-tank" is now the chief scientist institution of the International Ecological Security Cooperation Organization （IESCO）.
Water pollution is an urgent task during the new development period of China. Since the reform and opening up， the phenomenon of water pollution have become increasingly prominent. There were 11，000 incidents of water environment since 1995， with 1.5 incidents happening everyday in average. 1/10 of the surface water of China has lost its function； 1/4 of major lakes are in the state of exceeded nutrition； among the monitoring spots， nearly 60% are in the state of relatively poor and 1/6 are in the state of extremely poor； among the 9 major bays of China， 6 are in the state of poor or extremely poor.
The total amount of water resource of China is also decreasing continuously. From 1950 to 1999， the annual statistics of the total amount in average is 2795 billion m3. However， in the recent 15 years， the annual amount in average has decreased 2680 billion m3. The decreasing trend of the water resource per person is even more apparent. From 2000 to 2014， the average amount reached 1990m3/person， meaning China entering the list of countries scarce of water.
This kind of situation has severely influenced people's life and economic development， leaving countless potential hazards for the future generations， which needs urgent actions to treat it scientifically and protect it strictly.
To set scientific standards for monitoring the conditions of water resources It requires scientific measuring standards to get the real conditions of water resources.
In 1992， the author worked as a senior consultant for high-tech and environment in the scientific and technological department of UNESCO and chaired the setting of standards for water resources and environment， which has been adopted by many countries including the US， France， and Vietnam.
In the past， there was only a vague standard of 1700m3 per person in the UNESCO. In order to set the standards for water resources and environment， we organized people to review the materials of water resources in 110 countries and 320 regions under the framework of UN. Through organizing and analyzing， the accurate standard was the average amount of statistics： "rich water resources" means the water per person is above 3000m3； "slightly short of water" means water per person is between 2000m3 to 3000m3； "medium short of water" means water per person is between 1000m3 to 2000m3； "seriously lack of water" means water per person is between 500m3 to 1000m3； "extreme water scarcity" means water per person is under 500m3； 300m3 water per person is the lowest standard for maintaining sustainable.
The fact is that this standard complies with the actual situations of most countries and regions in the world. At present， apart from the 6 countries with "rich water resources"， till 2050， the water per person of most other countries will be below 3000m3， meaning the most part of the world will entering the state of "short of water" from "rich water resources".
Given that the regions with "extreme water scarcity" is invariably increasing， we set the lowest standard for maintaining sustainable development at 300m3 per person， which is of important reference meaning to cross basin water diversion and migration caused by water scarcity.
The above-mentioned standard is only for the water needed in daily life and production. For example， in the oasis with vast land and sparse population， the water resources per person in average may be a lot， but the water ecological system there is very fragile and vulnerable and the sustainable development is still hard to maintain， so we set the conception of "ecological water" and establish the water ecological standards for surface runoffs.
Water resource， water environment， and water ecology is three subsystems of water and they are also a unified entity and cannot be separated. Without water recourse， there will be no so-called water environment； without a good water ecological system， there will be no good water recourse （quantity） and a good water environment （quality）. The misunderstanding in the past is the separation of the unified entity， forming the disadvantaged conditions of "nine dragons managing waters" （Chinese slang， meaning there are many authorities managing the situations but there is no unified standards）. After obtaining the scientific understanding towards the actual situations， we must have theoretical guidance. The author conducted field investigation and theory research in 1985， and established and improved the project management dynamic balance model for water total amount control.
The model aims to realize the total amount control of water within the basin， realizing the dynamic balance of quantity and quality， supply and demand， to guarantee the sustainable development by sustainable use of water resources. According to the laws of water circulation， the time unit for total amount control is year， and the models are listed as follows：
The total demand of water WD=the total supply of water WS；
The WD includes： water demand in life DI， water demand in production Dp， and water demand in ecology De， De，WD=Dl+Dp+De；
The WS includes： groundwater Wg， underground water Wu， and reused water Wr， WS=Wg+Wu+Wr；
Dl+Dp+De=Wg+Wu+Wr.
This model converts the traditional "demand decides supply" pattern to "supply decides demand". Two-way adjustment is adopted through construction and operation management to maintain the dynamic balance between the Dl， Dp， De and Wg， Wu， Wr. This balance is not a still one， but a dynamic one； is not an arithmetic one， but a function one； is not merely numerical， but also includes the balance of quality. Only this kind of balance can analyze the demand and suppy scientifically and comprehensively， realize the harmony between human and nature， guarantee the development of economy， and ensure the safety of various water usage and water ecological system.
According to hydrology and ecology， the distribution of water resources and the ecological system supported by it is divided by the unit of watershed， so a human-nature harmony system of water use shall be in compliance with the water basins， namely a systematic analyzing model based on the boundary of watershed.
The key for water conservation is to grasp the three “Red Controlling Lines”
Water conservation is the key to prevent water contamination. Water conservation can prevent water contamination from two perspectives： the increase of clean water can improve the self-cleaning ability of water and increase the tolerance of water environment； using less water can reduce the discharge of pollutants. Therefore， the foundation for the prevention and management of water environment is to control the use of water. Merely emphasizing the constriction of water disposal or treatment plants without knowing "water conservation comes first" is the mistake lies in both theories and measurements. To genuinely conserve the water resources， the key is to stick to the three "red controlling lines".
The Red Controlling Line for water resource exploitation
The basic guiding thought for setting the red controlling line for water resource exploitation in China is to fully consider the tolerance capacity of water resources.
Since entering the 21st century， the amount of water used in average is about 550m3 per person. The current amount of water used per person is about 440m3. The Ministry of Water Resources proposed that till 2020 the total amount of used water will be controlled at 670 billion m3， namely 465m3 per person， which is lower by 15% than the average level in the world.
In terms of the total amount of water， the average amount of water of China in the past 6 decades is about 27700 trillion m3. According to the research conducted by the UNESCO， the used amount shall be less than 25% of the total amount to avoid considerable influence on ecological system. It's predicted that the used amount of water of China in 2020 will be 24.2% of the total amount， reaching the ultimate limit. Therefore， the red controlling line for water resource exploitation by 2020 proposed by the Ministry of Water Resources complies with the actual situations of China and we must firmly grasp it.
The Red Controlling Line for water with efficiency
The guiding thought of setting the red controlling line for water use efficiency is the transformation of the economic development model and realizing the harmony between human and water in the perspective of resource exploitation. It is of crucial importance to a state whose rapid development depends on natural resources like China.
In 2013， the production ability per cube meter water is 20.4 dollars， and the production ability per cube meter in China in 2014 is 14.4 dollars， which is 30% lower than the world average level. The figure now is still decreasing. If in 2020， China can improve the water use efficiency to the world average level， the GDP can be doubled with 670 billion m3 used water in total， and since then China will enter a stage where the GDP is not in linear correlation with water usage. It requires China has to decrease the water consumption per unit of GDP from 2015 to 2020 by at least 5% every year. Under the guidance of the concepts of circular economy， we shall let the market play the full role in water resource distribution， build up the concept of "decrease the water usage per GDP" in all walks of life and promote the transformation and upgrade of economic structure. The Red Controlling Line for pollution in water function zones
The basic guiding thought for the setting of the red limit line for pollution in water function zones is "the harmony between human activities and natural resources".
In 2011， China completed the division of water function zones. The limited pollution capacity is according to the total pollutants received in a certain watershed， namely the total amount of wasted and polluted water received via ground water， exchange of underground water and the wasted water generated in the inner origin source. For instance， in 2009， the total amount of water discharged in China is 76.8 billion tons， taking up 2.9% of the total amount of water resources. The net ratio of self-decomposition and self-cleaning is 1/34.7， and the ratio of self-decomposition and self-cleaning for ordinary watershed is 1/40， namely with 22 billion extra tons of wasted and polluted water discharged. In order to reach the limited pollution capacity， based on 2009， there are still 22 billion tons of wasted and polluted water to be discharged annually， or conducting First-Class processing for 44 billion tons of wasted or polluted water （after processing， the ratio of self-decomposition and self-cleaning is 1/20） before discharging. In this way， the general processing ratio of wasted and polluted water above the First Level in China will be more than 60%.
Highlighted Problems during the Implementation of Ten Article for Water-To face the fierce situation scientifically for water system degeneration
Water quality and quantity are inseparable and over exploitation and utilization of water resources is the main reason for "dirty water". At present， the standard rate of water functional area in China is only 47.4%， which is a serious problem. On the one hand， massive water usage has generated a large amount of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage， polluting the water environment. On the other hand， the excessive utilization of water resources has largely deduced the self-purification capacity of water ecosystem， resulting in a severe degradation of water ecosystem such as the dying up of rivers， lake atrophy， drying wetlands and groundwater level decline. Therefore， measures must be taken to stop the degradation of water ecosystem.
Macro strategic thoughts of adjusting water resources utilization
Apart from carrying out policies such as supply and demand balance， strict control， water conservation and renewable water reuse of total water consumption， the following aspects should be also taken into consideration. To adjust grain producing areas according to the overall layout of water resources is necessary. Since over 80% of the total amount of water resources in China is in the south， "Sending Grain to the North" is popular in China's history which can fully utilize the water resources in the south. At present， 60% of China's grain production is yielded in the north. The total water output each ton yield is roughly equal， while 54% of agricultural water utilization in the north is only 20% of the total water resources. Planting gain in the semi-arid region causes water shortages. Animal husbandry shift to the northern barren grassland has caused excessive grazing， which greatly weakened the self-purification capacity of water resources in the north.
To adjust the industrial structure， to change the industrial structure of agriculture and cultivation industry by adopting the standard of water use efficiency under the premise to ensure food production. To conduct technical transformation like coal bed gas to the coal mining industry of massive water use to realize water conservation in a large amount. To adjust the industrial structure based on the local water resources.
To protect the water resources areas， especially the sources of large rivers and drinking water sources. Specific measures could be taken to turn farmland to forest， close hillsides to facilitate afforestation and to build mixed forest to ensure water storage capacity of soil and minimize soil erosion.
To implement total amount control of water resources on the basis of water rights clarification
The first superiority to control total amount control of water resources is to conform water rights including emission right and to allocate water resources according to laws. By studying the theory of water rights in multiple disciplines and combining it with the actual establishment of the principle of water rights allocation in our country， we should draw lessons from foreign experience to determine the initial water rights and make clear announcement of China's principles to the international world. Based on the "water right， water price and water market" thought train， It's time to establish and fulfill series of laws and regulations such as water permit system for water utilization and refund， water resources tax system， reasonable water price mechanism， water market access system and transaction （including emissions trading rules）. To realize the law-based administration and to "control water" by laws are what to do. To make scientific planning on water pollution treatment
To do work in water resources management， water environment management and water ecological restoration planning. Profound and long-term field investigation should be conducted before developing the planning， which should be in urgent need of the current situation and fit the local conditions. A workable verification mechanism should be established and it must not turn into unrealistic formalism.
To set up planning and clear responsibilities to promote the implementation
In fact， China has introduced a set of relevant planning on water environment management and water ecological restoration， basically in coverage of the city level. However， because of the lack of scientific theoretical basis， practical experience， in-depth investigation and careful working style， quite a lot of planning is not carried out in practice to guide the actual work. This is the situation that we must work hard to improve. Among them， the most important is to "clear and implement the responsibilities of the parties" and "to strengthen the public participation and social supervision" and to clear the responsibility of the planners particularly. All levels of the planners are all in important responsibility and should establish planning to develop the responsibility system. The international practice should be referred to establish the expert team （1/2 from the relevant disciplines of none peer）， the various cadres at all levels （1/3 for the grassroots and 1/3 for the retirement） and local public representatives （1/2 for water pollution victims）， each of them accounted for 1/3 of the planning committee. The Committee has the right to veto and cooperate with the media to supervise the full implementation of the plan. To set up tracking record according to the water quality data published in the regular publication， try to find problems at all time to make an assessment on the final effect. If the planning has problems， the planner should be accounted according to certain regulations and laws.
To strengthen scientific support on the water environment management
China's sewage management is in the emphasis on environmental engineering technology research， environmental engineering and scientific research has a gap with current situation. As a new interdisciplinary subject， environmental science is the integration of ecology， system theory， chemistry， biology， water engineering， hydrology and economics. This kind of subject combines large system analysis with the empirical study and has put forward high requirements for the researchers. For instance， strong English reading ability is necessary to understand the world. Meanwhile， there is almost no record of the ecological data of longer than 80 years before in the world， so it is a must for the researchers to site-visit all kinds of water environment and ecological system all over the world to facilitate China's flood control. We should not do research behind closed doors and also cannot only rely on attending the international conference to obtain information. At the same time， the environmental engineering science and environmental engineering technology has the phenomenon of disconnection. The research direction is not clear， which makes the environmental engineering science and environmental planning is lacking of support and many outstanding problems are difficult to solve. To construct a water conservancy personnel of high quality
We should establish comprehensive water conservancy personnel in different levels. It should contains workers， technicians on water pollution management and experts who are familiar with the regime and proficient in flood history and current situation， besides， composite experts who know well of all aspects like system theory， ecology， management， hydrology， and economics. Water conservancy management personnel that are familiar with the water science and water conservancy are also needed to manage specific matters in a strict and scientific mode.
In general， we should do the followings to solve the problems of water environment. Firstly， cross disciplines other than isolated research should be adopted to solve the problem. Secondly， the management should be clear and coordinative. Thirdly， the train of thoughts should be comprehensive and thorough. As long as we clarify the responsibility of each participant and implement law-based administration， the grand goal of "Ten Articles for Water" will be achieved and the level of China's water pollution management is also expected to reach the international advanced level.
Wu Jisong， foreign academician of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering， director of the "Blue Sky and Water Think-tank" of Beihang University， the former deputy director of the National Water Conservation Office and director of the Department of Water Resources Division of the Ministry of Water Resources， the former consultant of high technology and environment of the Science and Technology Department of the UNESCO.
The "Blue Sky and Water Think-tank"， formerly established in China's circular economy research center in Beihang University in 2004， is an innovative platform for multidisciplinary comprehensive research which has achieved series of advanced and innovative researches in fields of the knowledge-based economy， circular economy， water resources management， water pollution control and water ecological restoration. The center has published books such as China might not be in Shortage of Water， A 100-Country Field Study & 20-Province Pilot Projects on Ecological Restoration， China's economic development approach， the Top-level Design， Roadmap and Timetable of the New Urbanization. The "Blue Sky and Water Think-tank" is now the chief scientist institution of the International Ecological Security Cooperation Organization （IESCO）.