在早期中俄关系发展中,贸易问题始终是俄国政府制定对华政策的重要出发点。俄国官方贸易垄断政策的演变,体现了这一时期俄国实施积极对华政策的经济动因。官私之争是早期俄国对华贸易中的一个突出现象。俄国在发展对华贸易中,官方贸易始终遭遇到私商的激烈竞争,政府从自身经济利益出发,积极发展以京师贸易为标志的官方贸易,并试图强行垄断对华贸易。但是,在市场规律的作用下,受僵化滞后的行政命令指导的官方贸易,最终落败于经营方式灵活善变的私商贸易。研究俄国政府官方贸易垄断政策的形成及演变,对于剖析早期中俄关系发展的深层次动因,以及探究两国贸易发展的规律都具有重要意义。 In the early development of Sino-Russian relations, the issue of trade has always been an important starting point for the Russian government in formulating its China policy. The evolution of Russia’s official trade monopoly policy reflects the economic motivation of Russia’s implementation of its pro-China policy during this period. The dispute between officials and private citizens is a prominent phenomenon in the trade of early Russia with China. In developing trade with China, Russia has always encountered fierce competition from private traders. From its own economic interests, the government has been actively developing official trade marked by the capital trade and attempted to forcibly monopolize trade with China. However, under the laws of the market, the official trade, which was guided by the rigidly lagged administrative order, eventually lost its power to trade in private businesses with a flexible management style. Studying the formation and evolution of the official monopoly policy of the Russian government is of great significance in analyzing the deep-seated motives for the development of Sino-Russian relations in the early days and exploring the laws governing the trade development of the two countries.