［目的］了解中国贫困农村 ２岁以下儿童母乳喂养及辅食添加现状。［方法］横断面入户问卷调查的方法。样本量 ２１ ０３６例。［结果］母乳喂养率 ９８．２２％，纯母乳喂养率 ２４．３５％；合理辅食添加率 ３２．２９％；每周动物蛋白的添加率 ７８． ４３％； ４个月内纯母乳喂养肺炎和腹泻的发生率是 １． ６９％和 ２４． ３７％，非纯母乳喂养时肺炎和腹泻的发生率是３．６３％和４０．８６％，差异有显著性。［结论］地区间差异明显；母乳喂养率高，纯母乳喂养率低；存在较大的辅食添加时间和方式问题；４个月内的纯母乳喂养能降低小儿肺炎和腹泻的发生。 [Objective] To understand the current situation of breastfeeding and supplementing children under 2 years of age in poor rural areas in China. [Method] Cross-sectional household questionnaire survey method. The sample size is 21 036 cases. [Result] The rate of breast milk feeding was 98.22%, the rate of pure breast feeding was 24.35%, the rate of complementary feeding was 32.29%, and the rate of weekly adding of animal protein was 78. 43%; the incidence of exclusively breast-feeding pneumonia and diarrhea within 4 months was 1. 69% and 24. 37%. The incidence of pneumonia and diarrhea in non-exclusive breastfeeding was 3.63% and 40.86% respectively, with significant difference. [Conclusion] There were obvious differences among regions; the rate of breast-feeding was high and the rate of exclusive breast-feeding was low; there was a big time and mode of supplementary feeding; and the exclusive breastfeeding within 4 months could reduce the incidence of pneumonia and diarrhea in children.