“余粮收集制”译自俄文术语“продразверстка”。这是一个错误的译名,正确译法应为“粮食摊派制”。其真正内涵不是征收农民的全部或部分余粮,而是中央政权将粮食需求在各省、县、乡、村之间进行了分摊。作者从逻辑和语义两个角度证明了“余粮收集制”译名的错误,并推测错译的原因是中国译者被列宁本人对该术语的权威解释误导了。因“余粮收集制”译名具有强大惯性和巨大影响力,国内学界除一直纠结于是否征收的是余粮外,还对苏俄粮食政策的发展阶段及军事共产主义的理解等方面有不少误读:如认为军事共产主义粮食政策只有余粮收集制一个阶段;余粮收集制是军事共产主义的核心和基础等。这是苏联史研究领域需要正本清源的一个重要概念。 “Grain collection system” translated from the Russian terminology “продразверстка ”. This is a wrong translation, the correct translation should be “food apportionment ”. Its true connotation is not the collection of all or part of the peasants’ surplus grain. Instead, the central government has apportioned the grain needs among the provinces, counties, townships and villages. The author proves the mistake of the translation of “surplus grain collection system” from two aspects of logic and semantics and speculates that the reason for mistranslation is that the Chinese translator was misled by Lenin himself for the authoritative interpretation of the term. Due to the strong inertia and great influence of the translation of “surplus grain collection system,” there are quite a few academic circles in China who have been entangled in whether the surplus grain is collected or not, as well as the understanding of the development stage of Soviet grain policy and military communism Misreading: If we think that the food policy of military communism has only one stage of collecting surplus grain, the system of collecting surplus grain is the core and foundation of military communism and so on. This is an important concept that the original history of the Soviet Union needs to be clearly identified.