Peripheral nerve defects are a common disabling injury.Peripheral nerve injuries arise from trauma,cancer,or congenital defects,and are challenging clinical issues to address.According to statistical data from the World Health Organization,there are 10-15 million new trauma cases reported worldwide every year,of which 15-40％ involve peripheral nerve injury.In China,600,000-900,000 new cases of peripheral nerve injury are reported annually,approximately half of which require nerve grafting.However,long-segment peripheral nerve defects and injury to multiple nerves cannot be repaired in the clinic,and neuromas form readily during the process of repair.The aim of treatment for peripheral nerve defects is the recovery not only of structure,but also sensory and motor function.Therefore,nerve regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve damage remain important topics in the field of neuroscience.In this review,we highlight a recent development in nerve regeneration surgery.