中国 2 0世纪共经历了四次实证史学思潮 :世纪初的“为历史而治历史”思潮 ,二三十年代的“把历史学语言学建设得和地质学、生物学等同样”的新历史考证学 ,80年代初的“回到乾嘉时代”,90年代的“振兴国学”与“南北二陈”。四次实证史学思潮各有其特点和现实针对性 ,而学科化建设和科学化道路则是贯穿2 0世纪中国史学始终的两大主题。但是 ,考据毕竟只是手段 ,不是目的 ,实证史学已经不能适应社会变革和学术发展对历史学的要求 China experienced a total of four empirical historiographical trends in the 20th century: the thought of “governing history for history” in the beginning of this century, the new history of “building history linguistics into the same as geology and biology in the 1920s and 1930s” Textual research, “Back to the era of Qianjia” in the early 1980s, “Revitalizing Chinese Studies” and “Nanbei and Chencha” in the 1990s. The four empirical historiography trends each have their own characteristics and reality pertinence, while the disciplinary construction and the scientific path are the two main themes throughout Chinese historiography in the 20th century. However, the test is, after all, only a means, not an end, empirical history can no longer meet the historical requirements of social change and academic development