国际关系是根据人与人的会谈,一些人影响另一些人。心理学在这方面是非常重要的,它可以产生三种状态:个人心理,情况研究和民族心理。关于个人心理,处理国际事务的人是同别人一样的:他们的失败或成功都是由于共同的一般原因所引起。关于情况研究,在人类事务中要辨别所遇到的人的特性和在什么特殊的环境下所接触的人。关于民族心理,我先指出两点错觉:一是认为仅靠熟识就能相爱,二是认为各民族间的思想和情感可以主要地决定国际政策。关于一个民族心理的产生所具备的因素,有三种学说:(一)神秘主义主张每个社会似乎有一个“集体的灵魂”,为组织中各个人神秘地和深刻地所共有。(二)社会学学说主张民族心理是完全由社会环境所造成的。(三)性格学学说主张民族心理是根据各种典型的性格的不同分配,而民族性格的基础是由遗传的各种成分所造成,经淘汰使之加强或中和。文化人类学在今天传布得太广了,非指出应当注意它的一些缺点不可。倘使说环境无可否认地造成习惯并因此锻炼行动,那末人们从来不能用清楚的方法来证明环境可以深刻地改变性格。在一个国际会议里,演说者讲得漂亮,这对法国人说是一种才于而对英国人说则是一个不安的论调:漂亮很可能不够严肃。法国人碰着困难就等于提出了一个问题,为解决问题就应当作明智的努力。英国人根据英语中“经验”一词的含义继续固守他对物和对人的作风。美国人也用经验,但用动作的经验:“实验”。遭遇失败的态度也显出各国人性格的不同。法国人不甘心于失败,而对美国人,失败了并不谴责一个人,倘使他率直地承认失败和从中取得教训的话。有许多的东西需要发觉、确定、说明。纵使民族心理学不能解决一切问题,它至少可以帮助人类共同生活——从中取得快感。这就不是一件小事情了。 International relations are based on people-to-people talks and some affect others. Psychology is very important in this regard, it can produce three states: personal psychology, situation studies and national psychology. With regard to personal psychology, those who deal with international affairs are the same as others: their failure or success is caused by common causes. With regard to the study of the situation, it is necessary in human affairs to distinguish between the characteristics of the people they meet and the people whom they encounter in any particular circumstances. With regard to national psychology, I first point out two illusions: First, that acquaintances can only love each other; and secondly, that ideologies and emotions among different ethnic groups can mainly decide on international policies. There are three theories about the factors that a national mentality has: (I) Mysticism holds that every society seems to have a “collective soul” that is mysteriously and profoundly shared by all individuals in the organization. (B) Sociology doctrine advocates of national psychology is entirely caused by the social environment. (C) personality theory advocates that the national psychology is based on a variety of typical distributive character, and national character is based on the various components of the genetic caused by the elimination to strengthen or neutralize. Cultural anthropology spread too widely today, noting that some of its shortcomings should be noted. If we say that the environment undeniably leads to habituality and therefore exercise, then one can never clearly demonstrate that the environment can profoundly change one’s character. Speaking at an international conference, the preacher is prettier than the French, which is a taciturn argument to the French that it is an unsettling argument to the English that beauty may not be serious enough. French people encounter difficulties is equivalent to raised a problem, to solve the problem should make wise efforts. The British continue to stick to their object and their way of doing things according to the meaning of the word “experience” in English. Americans also use experience, but the experience of action: “experiment.” The attitude of failure also shows the differences in the personality of all nations. The French are not willing to fail, but to the Americans, they fail to condemn a person if he confesses directly to defeat and lessons learned. There are many things that need to be identified, identified, and explained. Even though ethnococology can not solve all problems, it can at least help people live together - to get pleasure from it. This is not a trivial matter.