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土壤微生物和植物根系的生理活动的部分内容,是向土壤中释出各种酶类,通过酶的作用而吸取各种养分。我们称这些酶为“土壤酶”。土壤酶活性具有两方面的意义,其一是,主要由微生物分泌的酶能酶促土壤中的动植物残体分解转化为简单的无机化合物,供植物再利用;其二是,酶参与了自然界物质循环中的土壤有机质的分解。土壤酶的研究是以Wood(1899)发现土壤中存在过氧化物酶活性为开端的,后来由于种种原因,研究工作长期停滞不前。1950年后,由于生物化学的迅速进展,土壤酶学研究也随之迅速发展起来,至今已从土壤中测得40多种酶类。本文仅就土壤酶在与作物生产密切相关的土壤碳、氮、磷素循环中的作用作一论述。
Part of the physiological activities of soil microorganisms and plant roots is the release of various enzymes into the soil to extract various nutrients through the action of enzymes. We call these enzymes “soil enzymes”. Soil enzyme activity has two meanings. The first is that enzymes secreted by microorganisms can enzymatically decompose animal and plant residues in the soil into simple inorganic compounds for reuse by plants. The other is that enzymes are involved in nature Soil organic matter decomposition in material circulation. The study of soil enzymes began with the discovery of the presence of peroxidase activity in soil by Wood (1899). Later, due to various reasons, the research work has been stalled for a long time. After 1950, due to the rapid progress of biochemistry, the research of soil enzymology also developed rapidly. Up to now, more than 40 kinds of enzymes have been detected in soils. This paper only discusses the role of soil enzymes in the cycling of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus closely related to crop production.