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目的:调查分析家庭锡箔加工作业对儿童铅危害的现状,为开展家庭锡箔加工铅危害的防治与管理提供科学依据。方法:通过问卷形式,调查某村38户家庭锡箔加工户,对20个加工场所、10个生活居室环境空气进行铅尘、铅烟浓度测定;对45名儿童、236名锡箔加工人员进行血铅检测,并选择另一村无家庭铅污染作业的44名儿童作调查对照。结果:20个锡箔加工检测点,铅PC-TWA超标11个,点超标率为55.00%,其中5个熔融岗位铅烟浓度和5个敲箔岗位铅尘浓度均超标,最高浓度超标9.7倍;10个生活居室监测点均监测到铅,其中1个厨房监测点铅PC-TWA超过作业场所国家职业卫生标准;铅暴露组儿童、对照组儿童及加工人员血铅检测异常率分别为97.78%(44/45)、13.64%(6/44)和35.17%(83/236),3组间血铅浓度异常率差异有统计学意义(χ2=76.95,P<0.01)。结论:家庭作坊锡箔加工对作业人员特别是儿童铅危害严重,应引起政府有关部门高度重视,采取切实有效的防治措施,保护作业人员特别是儿童的身体健康。
OBJECTIVE: To investigate and analyze the status quo of lead poisoning in family tinfoil processing operations and provide scientific basis for the prevention and management of lead hazard in tin foil processing. Methods: The questionnaire was used to survey the households of foil processing in 38 households in a village, and the concentration of lead dust and lead smoke in ambient air of 20 processing sites and 10 living rooms were measured. Blood lead levels were measured in 45 children and 236 tinfoil workers Testing and selecting another 44 children without family lead pollution in another village for investigation and comparison. Results: There were 11 lead-PC-TWA exceeded the standards and 55.00% lead exceeded standard in 20 tin foil processing detection spots. Lead concentration in five molten posts and lead dust concentration in five knock-out foil posts exceeded the standard, and the highest concentration exceeded 9.7 times. Lead was detected in 10 living room monitoring sites, of which PC-TWA in one kitchen monitoring site exceeded the national occupational health standards in the work site. The abnormal blood lead detection rates in children exposed to lead and control workers were 97.78% 44/45), 13.64% (6/44) and 35.17% (83/236) respectively. There was significant difference in abnormal blood lead levels between the three groups (χ2 = 76.95, P <0.01). Conclusion: The tinfoil processing in family workshops seriously threatened the workers, especially the children, and should be taken seriously by relevant government departments. Practical and effective prevention and control measures should be taken to protect the health of workers, especially children.