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[a] School of Business， Hubei University， Wuhan， China.[b] Department of Finance， Hubei Province，Wuhan， China.* Corresponding author.
Received 16 August 2013； accepted 12 October 2013.
Abstract
In this paper， we used the theory of bilateral market analysing the pricing model platform and influencing factors for game operators .we pointed out that the game operating platform has the typical characteristics of the bilateral market， showing a significant positive network externalities. Through the establishment of the pricing model of the game operating platform under the monopoly and competition cases， the article analysed its’pricing issues， and we got that the game developers and players’ price elasticity of demand， the size of the user’s network externalities from the other side， the market competition of game operations， the game operating platform’s bilateral costs to provide products or services and competitive operating platform’s degree of difference in providing products or services are the major factors in the game operating platform pricing.
Key words： Game operator platform； Bilateral market； Pricing model； Influencing factors
WANG Na， WANG Xingzhou （2013）. Game Operating Platform’s Pricing Model and the Influencing Factors of Price： Based on the Bilateral Market Perspective. International Business and Management， 7（2）， 52-56. Available from： http：//www.cscanada. net/index.php/ibm/article/view/j.ibm.1923842820130702.Z506 DOI： http：//dx.doi.org/10.3968/j.ibm.1923842820130702.Z506
INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of online games is causing concern of society， according to the 2008 China Game Industry Annual Conference issued the “2008 China Game Industry Report Summary” shows that in 2008 China’s online games users has reached 4936 million， the actual market sales revenue reached 18.38 billion yuan， an increase over 76.6% to the same period 2007 （China Game Industry Report Summary， 2008）. International Data Corporation （IDC） predicts that by 2012 China’s online game revenue will reach 26.23 billion yuan， 2007-2012 compound annual growth rate will reach 19.9%， the online game industry is considered a sunrise industry with unlimited potential. This mainly relies on the network， IT technology’s new industry exactly how to run how to price in the market， how to value distribution， that is not only management need to understand， but also important for the online games value chain participants to achieve multi- self-value， and is the basic approach for achieving the effective value chain management. In this paper， we use the hot spots in recent years—bilateral market to analyze the economic attributes of game operating platform. Through the optimal pricing analysis online game operating platform under monopoly and competition cases， we have got the main factors affecting the pricing of operating platform， and provide a unique perspective for the analysis of pricing in online game industry market and competitive equilibrium theory. 1. THE BILATERAL MARKET OF GAME OPERATING PLATFORM
After a decade of development， the network game market chain has been formed， as shown in Figure 1. Developer is in the upstream of the industry chain， which is mainly responsible for R&D production and the operation of online games after commissioning； Operators is mainly for providing hardware， bandwidth， platform maintenance， customer service and other services； Channel plays as a game operator’ market seller role， it is responsible for the online game software， point card and other sales.
Operational support provided for the game operators to provide network operators， broadband， equipment， or regional games area， internet area and other services. The major domestic carries support of the business are： （1） telecom and ISP； （2） IDC； （3） ICP； （4） other IT companies： including PC vendors， server vendors， system security vendors， software vendors and other platform.
3. THE MAIN AFFECTING FACTORS FOR GAME OPERATING PLATFORM PRICING
Based on the above two models’ analysis， we know that game operating platform’s price level and price structure is affected by many factors， which is mainly include： the cost of providing services （products）， the price elasticity of demand for each side， the size of network externalities created by the relative edge， the number of consumers on each side and the services’ （products’） degree of differentiation provided by the platform.
3.1 The Cost of Service （Product）
Whether monopolistic or competitive operating platform game platform， they must take the cost for providing service or product to game developer and player into their pricing account. The cost of operating platform mainly include： hardware， broadband and other equipment costs， platform services， customer service and other service costs， personal costs， the cost of the channel and other agent agents. Most of these costs are for game software developers， therefore from the point of cost view， the pricing of the platform for game developer is generally higher than their pricing for the players.
3.2 The Demand Elasticity for Both Accessing Platforms’ Sides
The elasticity of demand on both sides is an important determinant of the game operating platform’ service pricing. Armstrong （2006） believe that a given size of the market is an affecting factor for the other’s demand elasticity， So the number of buyers on the incumbent increases， the platform charges the buyer will naturally increase， and the charge for the seller will decline； attractive seller can obtain a higher indirect benefits through the increasing number of buyer. However， no matter how the game operating platform is pricing， as long as there is no demand of the platform’s one side， then the other side’s demand will disappear. This requires operating platform try to convene the bilateral users to deal on the platform. In the process of convening， platform’s pricing structure is the key factor. Which in the real economy the common approach is to get buyer’s（player’s） large number of users through the open game beta， let them play games for free， or even pay for their platform access， such as giving the game equipment， to encourage the enthusiasm of benefit side involving in the platform， Caillaud and Jullien （2003） called such strategy as “divide and conquer”. Trough this strategy， the game operating platform can cultivate one or both user， to achieve successful operation of the platform.
3.3 Network Externalities Created by the Relative Side
If one of the platform’s two side can create significant externalities for the other， generally positive externality， then by lowering the price of one side will not only attract more same edge customers， but also can attract more consumers of other side to joint into the platform.
3.4 The Number of Relative Consumers
Derived from the monopoly model of the final results we can see， the pricing of the platform for one side is affected by the number of the other side’s consumer. In the bilateral market environment， price and quantity are endogenous variables， and they are determined mutually. Therefore the distribution of price structure between the bilateral parties is the dynamic interaction with the number of relative consumers. Studying the decision role of price on number one-way static， and ignoring the inverse dynamic role of consumer’s number or the volume of distribution on price distribution will lead to unreasonable conclusions in bilateral market.
3.5 The Degree of Difference on Platform’s Products （Services）
CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK
（a） Conclusions
In this paper， we use bilateral market theory to study the game operating platform’s pricing model and its’ pricing factors， in hoping of providing a new theoretical research perspective for game industry. By building pricing models of platform in monopoly and competitive case， we have analysed the way of the game operating platform pricing and the affecting factors of its’ price structure determination， and got the following conclusions：
First， to achieve profit maximization of operating platform， the game operating platform ought to not only consider the over all price level （price level） that it charged from game developer （seller） and player （buyer）， what is more important is to consider the price distribution（price structure） between developer and player. Second， the pricing of game operating platform to developer （player） should not only consider the cost of providing products or services for this side and the need of consumers， what is more important is to consider the network externalities issues between developer and player.
Third， the pricing factors of game operating platform mainly including： the market competition situation of game operating platform， the cost of products or services provided from platform to game developer and player， the price elasticity of demand from game developer and player respectively， the size of the network externalities of game developer （player） to player （game developer）， the number of platform’s two side and the degree of difference for products or services provided by the platform in competitive market environment.
Four， Compared with the single market， the phenomenon of cross-subsidies （usually game developer subsidy player） between game developer and player in game operating platform is the normal pricing phenomenon in operating platform. The reason for this cross-subsidy occurs is that the game operating platform want to solve the “Chicken and egg” problem.
（b） Outlook
This article just analyzed the game operating platform’s pricing problem in the case of monopoly and competition， and have not involved the impact of platform’s pricing methods on its pricing. For convenience， we assumed both sides of the platform is single-homing in our study of competitive game operating platform. In order to study the actual operating conditions wider， we need to put our effort to the following aspects：
First， expand the competitive environment. Monopoly and competition are just two extreme cases， and competitive markets can also be subdivided into oligopoly， duopoly， monopolistic competition and perfect competition. As for game industry， its market concentration is relatively high， its pricing analysis can be extended to the case of monopolistic competition， and that will be more close to the current status of the industry.
Second， the research of multi-homing consumers’access into platform. From the realistic point of view， the seller （game developer） behaved single-homing trend in game operating platform， in general game developer tends to joint into single platform， but for buyer （player） side it showed strong multi-homing trend. Its specific performance is the player have the trend of selecting several games preference. So the model of seller singlehoming and buyer multi-homing can explain the actual characteristics of game industry more appropriately. Third， from the point of current view for game operating platform， the platform often charge the seller a one-time accessing fees （registration fees）， while charging the buyer in the form of time fees （transaction fees）. Therefor in the game operating platform， charging one side a registration fee while charging the other side the transaction fee， this pricing model is the more practical operating way.
Four， there is an urgent need to strengthen empirical research. In the point of current study path view， the study of platform’s pricing model is still in the theoretical stage， and it is also need carefully consider about the extent of the theoretical model based on rigorous assumption to explain the practical problems. Therefore basing on actual data and verification of the theoretical model is the direction for the platform’s corporate behavior strategy research.
Five， expand competitive strategy study for game industry. For game operating platform， pricing is just one way of platform’s competition strategy. For platform the key to success is how to attract as many consumers as possible to trade on the platform in the bilateral market environment， usually platform can take vertical differentiation， bundling， interoperability and other ways to solve the problem， which involves platform competitive strategy in two-sided market environment. Therefore I believe taking the pricing strategy of platform enterprise as a starting point for studying the platform’s strategic behavior extensively is the fundamental to guide business’ practices.
REFERENCES
B. Caillaud & B. Jullien （2003）. Chicken & egg： Competition among intermediation service providers. RAND Journal of Economics， 34（Summer）， 309-328.
China Game Industry Report Summary. （2008）.
M. Armstrong （2006）. Competition in Two-Sided Markets. RAND Journal of Economics， 37， 668-691.
Received 16 August 2013； accepted 12 October 2013.
Abstract
In this paper， we used the theory of bilateral market analysing the pricing model platform and influencing factors for game operators .we pointed out that the game operating platform has the typical characteristics of the bilateral market， showing a significant positive network externalities. Through the establishment of the pricing model of the game operating platform under the monopoly and competition cases， the article analysed its’pricing issues， and we got that the game developers and players’ price elasticity of demand， the size of the user’s network externalities from the other side， the market competition of game operations， the game operating platform’s bilateral costs to provide products or services and competitive operating platform’s degree of difference in providing products or services are the major factors in the game operating platform pricing.
Key words： Game operator platform； Bilateral market； Pricing model； Influencing factors
WANG Na， WANG Xingzhou （2013）. Game Operating Platform’s Pricing Model and the Influencing Factors of Price： Based on the Bilateral Market Perspective. International Business and Management， 7（2）， 52-56. Available from： http：//www.cscanada. net/index.php/ibm/article/view/j.ibm.1923842820130702.Z506 DOI： http：//dx.doi.org/10.3968/j.ibm.1923842820130702.Z506
INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of online games is causing concern of society， according to the 2008 China Game Industry Annual Conference issued the “2008 China Game Industry Report Summary” shows that in 2008 China’s online games users has reached 4936 million， the actual market sales revenue reached 18.38 billion yuan， an increase over 76.6% to the same period 2007 （China Game Industry Report Summary， 2008）. International Data Corporation （IDC） predicts that by 2012 China’s online game revenue will reach 26.23 billion yuan， 2007-2012 compound annual growth rate will reach 19.9%， the online game industry is considered a sunrise industry with unlimited potential. This mainly relies on the network， IT technology’s new industry exactly how to run how to price in the market， how to value distribution， that is not only management need to understand， but also important for the online games value chain participants to achieve multi- self-value， and is the basic approach for achieving the effective value chain management. In this paper， we use the hot spots in recent years—bilateral market to analyze the economic attributes of game operating platform. Through the optimal pricing analysis online game operating platform under monopoly and competition cases， we have got the main factors affecting the pricing of operating platform， and provide a unique perspective for the analysis of pricing in online game industry market and competitive equilibrium theory. 1. THE BILATERAL MARKET OF GAME OPERATING PLATFORM
After a decade of development， the network game market chain has been formed， as shown in Figure 1. Developer is in the upstream of the industry chain， which is mainly responsible for R&D production and the operation of online games after commissioning； Operators is mainly for providing hardware， bandwidth， platform maintenance， customer service and other services； Channel plays as a game operator’ market seller role， it is responsible for the online game software， point card and other sales.
Operational support provided for the game operators to provide network operators， broadband， equipment， or regional games area， internet area and other services. The major domestic carries support of the business are： （1） telecom and ISP； （2） IDC； （3） ICP； （4） other IT companies： including PC vendors， server vendors， system security vendors， software vendors and other platform.
3. THE MAIN AFFECTING FACTORS FOR GAME OPERATING PLATFORM PRICING
Based on the above two models’ analysis， we know that game operating platform’s price level and price structure is affected by many factors， which is mainly include： the cost of providing services （products）， the price elasticity of demand for each side， the size of network externalities created by the relative edge， the number of consumers on each side and the services’ （products’） degree of differentiation provided by the platform.
3.1 The Cost of Service （Product）
Whether monopolistic or competitive operating platform game platform， they must take the cost for providing service or product to game developer and player into their pricing account. The cost of operating platform mainly include： hardware， broadband and other equipment costs， platform services， customer service and other service costs， personal costs， the cost of the channel and other agent agents. Most of these costs are for game software developers， therefore from the point of cost view， the pricing of the platform for game developer is generally higher than their pricing for the players.
3.2 The Demand Elasticity for Both Accessing Platforms’ Sides
The elasticity of demand on both sides is an important determinant of the game operating platform’ service pricing. Armstrong （2006） believe that a given size of the market is an affecting factor for the other’s demand elasticity， So the number of buyers on the incumbent increases， the platform charges the buyer will naturally increase， and the charge for the seller will decline； attractive seller can obtain a higher indirect benefits through the increasing number of buyer. However， no matter how the game operating platform is pricing， as long as there is no demand of the platform’s one side， then the other side’s demand will disappear. This requires operating platform try to convene the bilateral users to deal on the platform. In the process of convening， platform’s pricing structure is the key factor. Which in the real economy the common approach is to get buyer’s（player’s） large number of users through the open game beta， let them play games for free， or even pay for their platform access， such as giving the game equipment， to encourage the enthusiasm of benefit side involving in the platform， Caillaud and Jullien （2003） called such strategy as “divide and conquer”. Trough this strategy， the game operating platform can cultivate one or both user， to achieve successful operation of the platform.
3.3 Network Externalities Created by the Relative Side
If one of the platform’s two side can create significant externalities for the other， generally positive externality， then by lowering the price of one side will not only attract more same edge customers， but also can attract more consumers of other side to joint into the platform.
3.4 The Number of Relative Consumers
Derived from the monopoly model of the final results we can see， the pricing of the platform for one side is affected by the number of the other side’s consumer. In the bilateral market environment， price and quantity are endogenous variables， and they are determined mutually. Therefore the distribution of price structure between the bilateral parties is the dynamic interaction with the number of relative consumers. Studying the decision role of price on number one-way static， and ignoring the inverse dynamic role of consumer’s number or the volume of distribution on price distribution will lead to unreasonable conclusions in bilateral market.
3.5 The Degree of Difference on Platform’s Products （Services）
CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK
（a） Conclusions
In this paper， we use bilateral market theory to study the game operating platform’s pricing model and its’ pricing factors， in hoping of providing a new theoretical research perspective for game industry. By building pricing models of platform in monopoly and competitive case， we have analysed the way of the game operating platform pricing and the affecting factors of its’ price structure determination， and got the following conclusions：
First， to achieve profit maximization of operating platform， the game operating platform ought to not only consider the over all price level （price level） that it charged from game developer （seller） and player （buyer）， what is more important is to consider the price distribution（price structure） between developer and player. Second， the pricing of game operating platform to developer （player） should not only consider the cost of providing products or services for this side and the need of consumers， what is more important is to consider the network externalities issues between developer and player.
Third， the pricing factors of game operating platform mainly including： the market competition situation of game operating platform， the cost of products or services provided from platform to game developer and player， the price elasticity of demand from game developer and player respectively， the size of the network externalities of game developer （player） to player （game developer）， the number of platform’s two side and the degree of difference for products or services provided by the platform in competitive market environment.
Four， Compared with the single market， the phenomenon of cross-subsidies （usually game developer subsidy player） between game developer and player in game operating platform is the normal pricing phenomenon in operating platform. The reason for this cross-subsidy occurs is that the game operating platform want to solve the “Chicken and egg” problem.
（b） Outlook
This article just analyzed the game operating platform’s pricing problem in the case of monopoly and competition， and have not involved the impact of platform’s pricing methods on its pricing. For convenience， we assumed both sides of the platform is single-homing in our study of competitive game operating platform. In order to study the actual operating conditions wider， we need to put our effort to the following aspects：
First， expand the competitive environment. Monopoly and competition are just two extreme cases， and competitive markets can also be subdivided into oligopoly， duopoly， monopolistic competition and perfect competition. As for game industry， its market concentration is relatively high， its pricing analysis can be extended to the case of monopolistic competition， and that will be more close to the current status of the industry.
Second， the research of multi-homing consumers’access into platform. From the realistic point of view， the seller （game developer） behaved single-homing trend in game operating platform， in general game developer tends to joint into single platform， but for buyer （player） side it showed strong multi-homing trend. Its specific performance is the player have the trend of selecting several games preference. So the model of seller singlehoming and buyer multi-homing can explain the actual characteristics of game industry more appropriately. Third， from the point of current view for game operating platform， the platform often charge the seller a one-time accessing fees （registration fees）， while charging the buyer in the form of time fees （transaction fees）. Therefor in the game operating platform， charging one side a registration fee while charging the other side the transaction fee， this pricing model is the more practical operating way.
Four， there is an urgent need to strengthen empirical research. In the point of current study path view， the study of platform’s pricing model is still in the theoretical stage， and it is also need carefully consider about the extent of the theoretical model based on rigorous assumption to explain the practical problems. Therefore basing on actual data and verification of the theoretical model is the direction for the platform’s corporate behavior strategy research.
Five， expand competitive strategy study for game industry. For game operating platform， pricing is just one way of platform’s competition strategy. For platform the key to success is how to attract as many consumers as possible to trade on the platform in the bilateral market environment， usually platform can take vertical differentiation， bundling， interoperability and other ways to solve the problem， which involves platform competitive strategy in two-sided market environment. Therefore I believe taking the pricing strategy of platform enterprise as a starting point for studying the platform’s strategic behavior extensively is the fundamental to guide business’ practices.
REFERENCES
B. Caillaud & B. Jullien （2003）. Chicken & egg： Competition among intermediation service providers. RAND Journal of Economics， 34（Summer）， 309-328.
China Game Industry Report Summary. （2008）.
M. Armstrong （2006）. Competition in Two-Sided Markets. RAND Journal of Economics， 37， 668-691.