仪式是一种庄严的典礼式的表演,它通常是一种有关宗教信仰或社会行为方面的传统习俗的、有组织的表现形式,但它也可以单独运用于世俗的舞台。一个剧作家可以利用正规戏剧的传统规律将观众与演员一起导入一种特殊的轮流应答的情境之中。如莎士比亚的悲剧《理查三世》,整个剧本可以由葬礼与行刑、加冕与废黜、举哀与超自然的天罚等仪式场面来组成。不管这样做是否带着嘲讽的意味,仪式的构思常常使剧本的主题形式化了——这是一 Ritual is a solemn ceremonial performance, which is usually a organized manifestation of traditional practices concerning religious beliefs or social behavior, but it can also be used on a secular stage by itself. A playwright can take advantage of the traditional laws of formal theater to bring viewers and actors together into a special situational context. Such as Shakespeare’s tragedy “Richard III”, the entire script can be funeral and execution, coronation and dethroning, cower and supernatural day festivals and other rituals to form. Regardless of whether it is ironic or not, the concept of rituals often formalizes the theme of the script - this is one