略谈介词out of, out from, from的选用

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  英语中表示“行动的起点”的常用介词有out of, out from, from,三者均有“从……(出来)”的含义,有的学生一听到或看到汉语中含有“从……(出来)”之意, 就会不假思索地选用out from。如翻译“猎人看见有只狐狸从树丛中出现”这句话时,不少学生把它译成:The hunter saw a fox come out from the bushes. 此译句中,他们误以为out是“出来”,from是“从,从……出现”的意思,自然就是out from。显然,学生是犯了逐字对译的错误,忽视了out与from连用时的特殊用法。那么,汉译英中含“从……(出来)”的意思时,out of, out from, from三者中,选择哪一个才比较恰当呢?本文拟就这一问题略述几点。
  一、句中表示行动的起点始于“某建筑物”,强调“从内部到外部”时 要用out of。例如:
  They walked out of the shop. (从店内走出店外)他们走出商店。
  He ran out of the house. (从房屋之内跑出来)他跑出房子。
  I saw the gun pointing against the window as we pulled out of the garage. 当我们从车库之内把车开出时,我看到枪指着窗户。
  二、句中表示行動的起点是“某一区域”,其含义是“从某地方来; 从某地出发”,应选用from。例如:
  I came here from my hometown. 我从家乡来到此地。
  They will start from the school. 他们要从学校出发。
  We are going from Shanghai to Beijing by train. 我们将乘火车从上海去北京。
  三、句中表示行动的起点始于“某物”, 其含义是从“某处下来;从某物取出”,这时,可用out of也可用from。这类句子中,out of与from可相互替用。例如:
  The boy took a knife from the pocket. / The boy took a knife out of the pocket. 这男孩从口袋里拿出一把刀。
  He jumped out of the bed. / He jumped from the bed. (从床上跳下) 他跳下床。
  四、句子表达的是“从某物的某处出来”时,应选用out from, 可此介词词组不能直接用到句子中,out之后要用双介词,即复合前置词,其结构是:out+from+prep.+n., 常见的有:out from behind the door从后门出来;out from under the table从饭桌底下出来;out from among the tree从树林中出来等。例如:
  The dog came out from behind the door. 狗从门后出来。
  The cobra crawled out from under the table. 眼镜蛇从饭桌底下爬出来。
  A hare ran out from among the trees. 一只野兔从树林中跑出来。
  五、句子表达“从……之中出来”时,可用out of也可用out from among,此处of=from among,所以二者可相互换用。例如:
  The thief rushed out of the crowd. / The thief rushed out from among the crowd. 小偷从人潮中冲出来。
  根据第四、五点,本文前面提到的句子:“猎人看见有只狐狸从树丛中出现”应译为:
  The hunter saw a fox come out from among the bushes. / The hunter saw a fox come out of the bushes.
  不可译为:The hunter saw a fox come out from the bushes.
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