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本文所用语言材料,系以侾(音“哈”)方言保定话为代表。保定话的虚词有副词、连词、介词、助词、语气词和象声词等六类,一般都有抽象的词义。例如副词中表示程度的“va:u~(53)”,表示范围的“(?)an~(53)”,表示时间的“khu:n~(56)”,表示重复连续的“lom~(11)”,表示语气强调或转折的“(?)om~(11)”,表示否定的“ta~(53)”等,分别含有“最”、“也”、“先”、“再”、“却”、“不”的意思。但也有些虚词单独出现时,是没有意义的。例如“(?)~(11)”、“p(?)~(53)”、“k(?)~(55)”、“ts(?)~(56)”(表示数词“一”的“ts(?)~(55)”与虚词“ts(?)~(55)”是同音词,它们毫无相干)等。它们只有放在某些词素(或“音节”)之前构成新词,或放在句子中与邻近词发生关系,方有词的意义或语法意义。
The material used in this essay is represented by the Baoding dialect Baoding (pronounced ”ha“). Baoding words with adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliary words, tone words and onomatopoeia six categories, generally have abstract meaning. For example, ”va: u ~ (53)“ indicating the degree in the adverb, ”(?) An ~ (53)“ indicating the range, ”khu: n ~ (56)“ indicating time, ~ (11) ”,“ (?) Om ~ (11) ”indicating tone or turning point,“ ta ~ (53) ”denoting“ Again ”,“ but ”,“ no ”means. But when some function words appear alone, it makes no sense. For example, “(?) - (11)”, “p (?) - (53)”, “k? ”Ts (?) ~ (55)“ is a homophone with the function words ”ts (?) ~ (55)“ and they are irrelevant). They only make a new word before some morphemes (or ”syllables"), or place them in the sentence with neighboring words, the meaning of the word or grammatical meaning.