【摘 要】
：
As reverse osmosis(RO)technologies have improved,desalination has become a viable approach to addressing water scarcity,by treating various alternative water resources such as seawater,brack-ish water and wastewater[1].However,the management of brines has
【机 构】
：
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of California,Berkeley,USA
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As reverse osmosis(RO)technologies have improved,desalination has become a viable approach to addressing water scarcity,by treating various alternative water resources such as seawater,brack-ish water and wastewater[1].However,the management of brines has emerged as one of the key issues preventing desali-nation from being further adopted,espe-cially in locations where use of ocean out-falls or deep well injection is impractical.To advance desalination in these places,zero-liquid-discharge(ZLD)is often de-sired to achieve the ultimate separation of water and solid.However,current approaches to achieving ZLD are either land intensive-as is the case with evap-oration ponds-or energy intensive-requiring multiple steps such as brine concentrators and crystallizers to con-centrate and eventually crystallize the brine stream[2].RO membranes are not suitable for treating high salinity waters,when the salt content is typically higher than 7.5 wt％,due to the demand of high operation pressure and membrane fouling.Therefore,high salinity is often the root challenge for brine treatment,causing fouling/scaling and high energy demand.
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