苏格兰启蒙运动是在苏格兰走向富庶的过程中兴起的改革思潮。与致力于推动社会革命的法国启蒙思想家不同,苏格兰启蒙学者力图在完善市场经济的语境中构建市民社会秩序及其价值原则,他们从道德哲学层面阐释的正义论影响深远。马克思在研究苏格兰启蒙思想的过程中开启了政治经济学批判与历史唯物主义视域,其中有关正义的论述引起英语学界40余年的争论,构成了正义论视域中的“马克思问题”。解析这个复杂的哲学问题,需要区分道德哲学与历史唯物主义语境中的两种正义论, The Scottish Enlightenment was a wave of reform that emerged in the process of Scotland’s affluence. Unlike the French enlightenment thinkers dedicated to promoting the social revolution, the Scottish enlightenment scholars sought to establish the civil society order and its value principles in the context of perfecting the market economy, and their influence on justice from the perspective of moral philosophy far-reaching. In the process of studying Scottish enlightenment, Marx started the critique of political economy and the view of historical materialism, in which the dissertation on justice caused more than 40 years’ controversy in the field of English studies and constituted the “Marx Problem” in the field of justice. To analyze this complex philosophical problem, we need to distinguish between two kinds of justice in the context of moral philosophy and historical materialism,