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围绕第一次世界大战期间的华工招募及其引发的多方博弈,是观察北京政府外交及政治状况的一个重要面向。涉及这一主题,过去研究多从“以工代兵”之策论叙华工输出之事实,似在有意突出北京政府在整个事件过程中的主导地位。通过对北京政府外交部、津海关等机构的档案史料爬梳,发现以下史实:梁士诒在帝制案后退出政坛,北京政府尤其是梁曾任职的税务处对惠民公司的招工开始严格对待;地方政府出于对华工生命安全的担忧和利益考量,对中央政府的决策多所阻挠;外交部出于外交关系、国家利益的权衡,并存在着袁世凯时期招工交涉留下的“包袱”——合同业经批准,整个表现较为“软弱”;除外交部外,国务院、内务部、农商部、税务处以及驻法使馆等部门均对侨工权益采取谨慎保护的态度;整个事件过程呈现了法国主导招募、中方公民自由应募、中国政府尽保护公民利益之责的客观情形。
The round-up of Chinese laborers recruited during the First World War and the multi-lateral game they sparked are an important aspect of observing the diplomatic and political conditions of the Beijing government. When it comes to this theme, most of the past researches focused on the output of the Chinese workers from the “workers’ soldiers” policy, which seems intended to highlight the dominance of the Beijing government in the entire incident. Through the archives of the Beijing government’s foreign ministry and the Tianjin Customs, the following historical facts were found: Liang Shih-t’ao stepped out of politics after the imperial case and the Beijing government, especially the tax office where Liang had worked, began to strictly treat the company. Place Due to concerns about the life safety of Chinese workers and considerations of interests, the government obstructed the decision-making by the Central Government. The Foreign Ministry, out of diplomatic relations and the balance of national interests, also had the “baggage” left behind during the Yuan Shikai engagement. - The contract industry has been approved and its performance is relatively “weak.” Except for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the State Council, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the Inland Revenue Department and the embassy in France take a cautious attitude toward the protection of the rights and interests of overseas Chinese workers. The entire incident process The objective situation of the French-led recruitment, the free application of Chinese citizens and the responsibility of the Chinese government to protect the interests of citizens has been presented.