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目的系统评价国内外灾害后卫生需求快速评估的方法,为我国今后实施灾害后卫生需求快速评估提供参考。方法计算机检索CNKI(1979～2011.1)、VIP(1989～2011.1)、CBM和PubMed,对符合纳入标准的文献的主要结果进行描述性分析。结果共纳入65篇文献。其研究类型以方法学介绍和现况调查居多,分别占52.31%和44.62%。绝大多数文献关注的事件是自然灾害,占86.15%。灾害后快速评估的内容包括人员伤亡和现场公共卫生评估,后者又主要包括对灾区公共卫生状况、医疗卫生应对能力、灾民健康状况、外部卫生需求等方面的快速评估。人员伤亡的快速评估方法主要有基于GIS和人工神经网络(ANN)模型等评估方法;现场公共卫生评估主要采用流行病学现场调查,运用问卷调查、访谈、疾病监测等多种方法。结论灾害后卫生需求的快速评估是灾后的首要任务之一,目前的快速评估方法有待完善和改进。建议将灾害后卫生需求的快速评估分为灾害后人员伤亡情况快速评估和灾害对卫生影响快速评估两个阶段进行。
Objective To systematically evaluate the rapid assessment of post-disaster health needs at home and abroad, and provide a reference for the rapid assessment of future post-disaster health needs in our country. Methods CNKI (1979 ~ 2011.1), VIP (1989 ~ 2011.1), CBM and PubMed were searched by computer, and the main results of the literature meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed descriptively. Results A total of 65 articles were included. The research types are mostly introduction of methodology and current situation investigation, accounting for 52.31% and 44.62% respectively. The vast majority of the literature concerned about natural disasters, accounting for 86.15%. The post-disaster rapid assessment includes casualties and on-site public health assessments, and the latter includes a quick assessment of public health conditions in the affected areas, health and medical resilience, health status of victims, external health needs and more. The rapid assessment methods of casualties mainly include the assessment methods based on GIS and artificial neural network (ANN) models. The on-site public health assessment mainly adopts the on-the-spot epidemiological survey and the questionnaire survey, interviews and disease monitoring. Conclusion The rapid assessment of post-disaster health needs is one of the primary tasks after a disaster. The current rapid assessment methods need to be improved and improved. It is suggested that the rapid assessment of post-disaster health needs be divided into two phases, rapid assessment of casualties after disasters and rapid assessment of health impacts of disasters.