罗莎·卢森堡以历史唯物主义为理论根基的批判性文艺思想,旨在突出强调文艺的现实的物质性力量,以此引导人们自发性、主动性争取权利的意识。卢森堡批判性地指出,19世纪一大批伟大作家的创作实践,很多并不特别注意规范的艺术形式,却在打破人们长期的奴化思想、反对专制极权方面发挥了震撼人心的力量。较早的席勒,其后像密茨凯维支、托尔斯泰、车尔尼雪夫斯基、柯罗连科、乌斯宾斯基、果戈理等的作品无不体现出这种力量。而就像人民不可能成为诗人一样,艺术家也不能简单地以“人民”来评判,后者被卢森堡批判为是特定阶级利益驱使的工具理性行为。真正伟大的作家一定是超越于特定时代、特定阶级立场的,他们站在阶级之外的高度,以崇高的人格与世界观,在创作中阐明自由的艺术精神,实现对真理的追求。他们创作的是真正直面现实的艺术,揭示最日常的生活现象,同情苦难人群,敞开自我身份,深刻揭露专制社会的政治腐败。卢森堡批判性文艺思想的核心在于,文艺不应只限于是现实主义的艺术而直接就是现实,文艺在摆脱腐朽政治与极权社会的压制,摧毁压迫人们的最深刻的心理根源方面发挥着不可替代的作用。 Rosa Luxemburg, based on historical materialism, is a critical literary thought aimed at highlighting the materialistic forces that emphasize the reality of literature and art and guiding people’s consciousness of seeking rights voluntarily and initiatively. Luxembourg critically pointed out that in the creative practice of a large number of great writers in the 19th century, many did not pay special attention to the normative art forms, but played a stirring force in breaking the long-term enslavement ideas and opposing totalitarian authority. Earlier Schiller, later such as Mickiewicz, Tolstoy, Chernyshevsky, Corolynke, Uspensky, Gogol and other works all reflect this power. Just as the people can not become poets, the artist can not simply judge by “people”, which is criticized by Luxembourg as instrumental rational behavior driven by the interest of a particular class. The truly great writers must be beyond a particular era and class position. They stand at a height outside the class. With their lofty personalities and world outlook, they demonstrate the artistic spirit of freedom in creation and pursue the truth. What they create is a truly straightforward art, revealing the most everyday phenomena of life, sympathizing with the suffering people, opening up their own identities and deeply exposing the political corruption in an autocratic society. The core of Luxemburg’s critical literary thought is that literary arts should not be confined to the art of realism but directly to reality. Literature and art play an irreplaceable role in getting rid of the repression of decadent and totalitarian societies and in destroying the most profound psychological roots of oppression effect.