X射线光学系统的发展总是遇到难以解决的问题.在X射线波段,对大多数材料的折射率接近1.根据费涅耳方程,X射线反射系数很小,仅在掠入射光学系统,X射线反射系数较大.因此,既不像普通的折光学系统也不像普通的反射光学系统可用于很多应用领域.甚至为X射线波段专设计的掠入射光学系统在技术是相当难实现的.多细管式光学元件可代替以往的光学元件用于X射线聚焦和准直.这种光学元件比其他方法有很多优点. The development of X-ray optical systems always encounters hard to solve problems.In the X-ray band, the refractive index of most materials is close to 1. According to the Fresnel equation, the X-ray reflection coefficient is very small, only in the grazing incidence optical system, The X-ray reflection coefficient is therefore large, so that neither the ordinary refractive system nor the ordinary reflective optical system can be used in many fields of application. Even grazing-incidence optical systems specifically designed for the X-ray band are quite technically difficult to implement Multi-thin-tube optics replace previous optics for X-ray focusing and collimation. Such optics have many advantages over other methods.