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对古代墓葬出土人骨的研究,可以了解古代人群的健康状况,并可以探讨不同生业模式对古代人群健康状况的影响。中原地区是中国古代文化最发达的地区,也是古代人骨出土最多和考古研究最充分的地区。本文对中原地区比较典型的河南舞阳贾湖遗址和河南灵宝西坡墓地出土人骨进行了全面的骨骼健康状况研究。贾湖遗址以渔猎采集为主要经济形态,距今9000~7800年;西坡墓地以农业为主,距今约5000年。骨骼研究显示,贾湖遗址和西坡墓地的两性身高呈逐渐降低的趋势;口腔疾病研究显示,在龋齿、牙周病、齿根脓疡、牙结石、釉质发育不全等疾病的发病率上,西坡墓地的发病率都明显高于贾湖遗址;身体骨骼研究显示,西坡墓地在退行性关节病、骨质疏松症和贫血等的发病率也明显高于贾湖遗址。这些可能暗示了,古代人群的健康状况在从渔猎采集经济向农业经济转变过程中呈逐渐恶化的趋势。但同时,作为健康指标的重要特征,西坡墓地较贾湖遗址的平均寿命有了明显的提高。结合考古学研究成果,我们认为农业经济虽然在一定程度上对古代人群的健康有一定的负面影响,但农业经济的发展,提供了更稳定的食物供应,养活了更多的人口,使得古代遗址规模不断扩大,社会复杂化逐渐深化,也创造了更多的社会财富,为向文明社会的转化奠定了物质基础。因此,农业经济的转变总体上促进了古代人群的健康状况的发展和文明的进步,农业经济对人类的进步做出了巨大贡献。
The study of ancient bone unearthed from the ancient tombs can understand the health status of the ancient people and explore the impact of different modes of living on the health status of ancient people. The Central Plains region is the most developed ancient Chinese culture, but also the most ancient archeology unearthed and most fully studied archeology. In this paper, we conducted a comprehensive study on bone health status of the Jiahu ruins in Wuyang, Henan Province, Henan Province, and the bones unearthed in Lingpo, Xipo, Henan Province. Jiahu site to capture fishing as the main economic form, dating back 9000 ~ 7800 years; Xipo cemetery to agriculture, about 5000 years ago. Bone studies have shown that the genitalia of Jiahu site and Xipo cemetery are gradually decreasing. Oral disease research shows that in the incidence of dental caries, periodontal disease, root abscess, calculus, enamel hypoplasia and other diseases, The incidence of Xipo cemetery was significantly higher than that of Jiahu site. Body bones studies showed that the incidence of degenerative joint disease, osteoporosis and anemia in Xipo cemetery was also significantly higher than that of Jiahu site. These may imply that the health status of the ancient population tends to worsen during the transition from fishing and hunting to the agricultural economy. However, meanwhile, as an important characteristic of health indicators, the average life span of Xipo cemetery has been significantly raised compared with that of Jiahu site. Combined with the archaeological findings, we think the agricultural economy, although to a certain extent, has a certain negative impact on the health of the ancient population. However, the development of the agricultural economy has provided a more stable food supply and has fed more people and made the ancient ruins With the continuous expansion of the scale, the gradual deepening of social complication and the creation of more social wealth have laid a material foundation for the transformation of a civilized society. Therefore, the transformation of agricultural economy has generally promoted the development of ancient people’s health status and civilization, and the agricultural economy has made a tremendous contribution to the progress of mankind.