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红曲是指以大米为原料,用红曲菌属(Monascus spp.)红曲霉发酵培养制得,具有红色的颗粒或用其制成的粉末。目前红曲可分为色曲、酒曲和功能性红曲。在红曲霉的发酵过程中,同时与红曲色素相伴产生一种有害的次级代谢产物--桔霉素。研究表明桔霉素具有肾毒性,可致畸、致癌和诱发基因突变。桔霉素的存在,制约了红曲在食品及药品方面的广泛应用,在一定程度上阻碍了红曲产业的发展。为此,在红曲生产中如何快速准确检测桔霉素以及有效地防控桔霉素,是我们当前迫切需要解决的问题。本文对近年来国内外红曲中桔霉素的检测方法及控制策略进展进行了综述。目前,桔霉素的检测方法主要有抑菌圈法、TLC法、酶联免疫法和HPLC法等,其中HPLC法是检测红曲中桔霉素高效且应用最广泛的方法。桔霉素的控制主要从菌种选育,发酵工艺及产品后续处理等方面进行调控。目前尚没有成熟的控制策略全部去除桔霉素,只有采用低产桔霉素的菌种,适合的生产工艺及结合后续的物理或化学处理等综合措施,生产出符合桔霉素控制标准的高品质红曲产品。
Monascus refers to the rice as raw material, Monascus (Monascus spp.) Monascus fermentation culture, with red particles or powder made of it. At present, the red song can be divided into color song, song and functional red yeast song. In the process of Monascus fermentation, while accompanied by monascus pigment produces a harmful secondary metabolite - citrinin. Studies have shown that citrinin has kidney toxicity, can cause teratogenic, carcinogenic and induced mutations. The existence of citrinin has restricted the wide application of red yeast rice in food and medicine, which to a certain extent hindered the development of red yeast rice. Therefore, how to quickly and accurately detect citrinin in the production of Monascus and effectively prevent and control citrinin is an urgent problem we need to solve. In this paper, the detection methods and control strategies of citrinin at home and abroad were reviewed. Currently, the detection of citrinin mainly inhibition zone method, TLC method, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and HPLC method, etc., of which HPLC method is to detect citrinin efficient and widely used method. Control of citrinin mainly from strain selection, fermentation and product follow-up treatment and other aspects of regulation. At present, there is no mature control strategy to remove citrinin. Only the low production of citrinin, the suitable production process and the combination of subsequent physical or chemical treatments can be used to produce high quality Monascus product.