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威廉·P.蒙塔古(William Pepperell Montague)与乔治·桑塔亚那(George Santayana)分别是美国新实在论和批判的实在论学派的两个主要人物。本文旨在通过考察他们对谬误的本质的讨论,厘清新实在论的理论旨趣,并探究实在论作为一种认识论的可行性。本文首先讨论了蒙塔古的“生存对象的领域”(realm of subsistence)和桑塔亚那的“本质的领域”(realm of essence)这两个概念。这两个概念是他们思考谬误的本质的重要理论工具。在此之后,本文又对两位哲学家关于谬误的起源以及如何避免谬误的思考进行了深入的探讨。
William Peppell Montague and George Santayana respectively are the two main figures in the neo-realism and critical realism school in the United States. This article seeks to clarify the theoretical interest of neo-realism by examining their discussion of the nature of fallacy and to explore the feasibility of realism as an epistemology. This paper begins with a discussion of Montagu’s concepts of “realm of subsistence” and of Santana’s “realm of essence.” These two concepts are important theoretical tools for their thinking on the nature of fallacy. After that, this article has carried on the thorough discussion to two philosophers about the origin of fallacy and how to avoid the fallacy.