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“三反”与“五反”指的是1951年末至1952年末,在党和国家机关、国营企业内部进行的反对贪污、反对浪费、反对官僚主义的斗争;在资本主义工商业中进行的反对行贿、反对偷税漏税、反对盗窃国家财产、反对偷工减料、反对盗窃国家经济情报的斗争。这是建国后中国共产党对资产阶级不法行为的第一次大斗争。由于我国经济落后和中国民族资产阶级固有的两面性,建国后,党和政府对私营工商业采取了利用、限制、改造的政策,使私营工商业有了相当的发展。1951年同1950年相比,全国私营工业户数增长11％,职工人数增长11.4％,生产总产值增长39％。私营商业户数增长11.9％,从业人员增长11.8％,批发额增长35.9％,零售额增长36.6％。1951年,私营工商业者所获得的利润超过解放前的任何一年。仅以上海为例,资本家所获利润(不包括非法收入)就达6亿元。这一年可以说是中国民族资本主义发展史上的“黄金时代”。
The “three oppositions” and “the five oppositions” refer to the struggle against corruption, against wasting and against bureaucracy conducted between the party and state organs and state-owned enterprises from the end of 1951 to the end of 1952; the opposition to bribe in capitalist industry and commerce Oppose tax evasion and tax evasion, oppose theft of state property, oppose jerry-building and oppose the theft of the state economic intelligence. This is the first major struggle of the Chinese Communist Party against the bourgeoisie after the founding of the People’s Republic. Due to the backwardness of our economy and the intrinsic duality of the Chinese national bourgeoisie, after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the policies adopted by the party and the government for utilizing, restraining and reforming the private industry and commerce have brought about a considerable development of the private industry and commerce. Compared with 1950, the number of private industrial households in the country increased by 11% in 1951, the number of workers and staff increased by 11.4% and the output value of GDP increased by 39%. The number of private business households increased by 11.9%, the number of employees increased by 11.8%, the wholesale value increased by 35.9% and the retail sales by 36.6%. In 1951, the profit earned by private business people exceeded that of any year prior to the liberation. In Shanghai alone, for example, profits (excluding illegal income) earned by capitalists amounted to 600 million yuan. This year can be said to be the “golden age” in the history of the development of Chinese national capitalism.