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矿山开采导致矿区周围环境中重金属污染问题日益严重,尤以尾矿的不合理处理而导致的污染更为引起广泛关注。尾矿渣颗粒细小,所含重金属极易在酸性环境条件下释放,随多种介质向周围环境迁移。重金属元素释放迁移过程受到物理、化学、生物等多种因素的共同影响,迁移释放机制复杂多变,从而表现出不同的特点。同时,虽然尾矿库周围环境中重金属含量普遍偏高,但这些重金属往往有不同的赋存形态,其中只有具有生物有效性的部分重金属才可以被生物利用,进而进入生态系统。文章综述了国内外关于尾矿中重金属的释放迁移过程的机制及行为学研究,总结了重金属形态分析和生物有效性的研究概况,以期为矿区重金属污染评价和重金属污染治理提供理论借鉴。
Mining mining has caused the problem of heavy metal pollution in the environment around the mining area is becoming increasingly serious, especially the pollution caused by the unreasonable treatment of tailings has caused more widespread concern. Tailings slag particles are small, containing heavy metals easily released under acidic conditions, with a variety of media to the surrounding environment. The release and migration process of heavy metal elements are affected by many factors such as physics, chemistry and biology, and the mechanism of migration and release is complicated and changeable, showing different characteristics. At the same time, although the contents of heavy metals in the environment around the tailings ponds are generally high, these heavy metals often have different forms of occurrence. Only part of the bio-available heavy metals can be bio-utilized and then enter the ecosystem. In this paper, the mechanism and behavioral research on the release and migration of heavy metals in tailing are reviewed. The research status of heavy metal speciation analysis and bioavailability are summarized in order to provide theoretical reference for the evaluation of heavy metal pollution and heavy metal pollution in mining areas.