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中石器时代是旧石器向新石器时代的过渡,美洲这一阶段被称为古代期(the Archaic Period)。但是,中石器时代概念在中国仍未被普遍接受,可能是由于以下原因:(1)意识形态倾向,选择西方学术概念有时犹如选择党派和信仰。(2)习用的类型学、地层学、年代学和文化面貌上难以对这一时段做统一界定和比较研究。(3)我国旧石器和新石器时代分属不同的研究机构和领域,使得这一重要的转变时期被忽视。(4)新旧两个石器时代“成就”可观,文化特征鲜明,而中石器文化则乏善可陈。结果,全新世初的所有遗址都被归入“新石器时代”。中石器时代是考古学三大战略性课题之一——农业起源研究的关键时段,近来见证了我国学界对这一“过渡期”关注的升温。不管我们对中石器时代这个术语是否认同,但是国际学界研究的进展可以为我们提供诸多启示:(1)过去这一时代以细石器、弓箭和狗的驯养为标志,但目前只是一个时间概念,是指冰后期全新世开始到和农业引入之间的一段渔猎采集适应,表现为一种与新旧石器时代十分不同的广谱革命。(2)柴尔德早就用农业革命来定义新石器时代,并被国际学界一致认同。因此我国新石器时代的开始也应采取经济学而非器物学的标准。(3)该时代是冰后期人类对环境巨变的重新适应,各地气候环境差异极大,适应方式也极其多样,文化面貌复杂,发展极不平衡,因此单靠类型学的器物分析已不能胜任这一课题的研究。(4)各地从狩猎采集向农业的过渡差异很大,时间的长短也各不相同。黄河与长江中下游可能是旱地作物和稻作起源的主要区域,过渡期可能较短,而北方寒冷地带(农作物难以生长)和华南热带地区(野生资源丰富)农业可能出现很迟。(5)应该重视文化生态学的生计适应和人地互动研究,探究不同地区是如何从狩猎采集向农业经济转变的。(6)农业起源是一个漫长的过程,贯穿着人类在整个中石器时代的适应性调节,我们应该设法了解不同地区的先民是如何根据当地的不同生态环境条件,慢慢驯化或引入动物和农作物,进而完成经济转型的。
The Middle Stone Age was the transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic, and this stage of the Americas was called the Archaic Period. However, the concept of the Middle Stone Age in China has not yet been generally accepted, probably due to the following reasons: (1) ideological tendencies, the choice of Western academic concepts and sometimes like the choice of parties and beliefs. (2) The conventional typology, stratigraphy, chronology and cultural outlook are difficult to make a unified definition and comparative study of this period. (3) Our Paleolithic and Neolithic belong to different research institutes and fields, making this important period of change neglected. (4) both old and new Stone Age “achievements ” considerable, distinct cultural characteristics, while the stone culture is lackluster. As a result, all sites of early Holocene were classified as “Neolithic.” The Mesolithic Age is one of the Three Strategic Issues in Archeology - A Key Period in the Study of the Origin of Agriculture and witnessed the recent warming of our academic circles in this transitional period. Regardless of whether we agree with the term of the Middle Stone Age, the progress made in international academic research can provide us with many enlightenments: (1) The past era was marked by the domestication of small stones, bows and dogs, but it is only a concept of time. It refers to a hunting and fishing adaptation between the late Holocene and the introduction of agriculture in the late-ice period, characterized by a broad-spectrum revolution that is quite different from that of the Neolithic Age. (2) Childe used the agricultural revolution to define the Neolithic period for a long time and was unanimously approved by international scholars. Therefore, the beginning of China’s Neolithic should also take the economics rather than the standard of utensils. (3) In this era, human beings were re-adapted to environmental changes in the late ice age. The climatic and environmental conditions in various places were extremely different and their adaptation styles were extremely diverse. Their cultural appearances were complicated and their development was extremely unbalanced. Therefore, typological analysis of utensils alone can not do this A research topic. (4) There are great differences in the transition from hunting to agriculture all over the country, and the length of time varies from place to place. The Yellow River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River may be the main areas of origin of dryland crops and rice. The transitional period may be short while the agriculture in the northern cold areas (where crops are difficult to grow) and the tropical areas of South China (wild and abundant resources) may be late. (5) We should attach importance to the cultural ecology of livelihood adaptation and interactive study of man and land, to explore how different regions from hunting to agricultural economy transformation. (6) The origin of agriculture is a long process that runs through the adaptive adjustment of mankind throughout the Mesolithic Age. We should try to understand how ancestors in different regions slowly domesticated or introduced animals according to local ecological and environmental conditions Crops, and then complete the economic restructuring.