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寨卡病毒是蚊源性虫媒病毒,归属于黄病毒科黄病毒属。1947年在乌干达寨卡森林的一头哨猴(恒河猴)中首次分离到。上世纪60年代在亚洲和非洲报告有散发性病例。2007年,在密克罗尼西亚雅浦岛发生以发热与皮疹为特征的第一次大流行;2013年10月在法属波利尼西亚发生了南太平洋最大的寨卡病毒爆发流行;在2015年引入巴西的寨卡病毒引起爆发。迄今,巴西已有150万人感染,并扩展到世界上30多个国家,大多数在南美洲。由于在巴西不正常地密集出现新生儿小头畸形,而母亲在孕期曾感染过寨卡病毒,因此世界卫生组织宣布世界范围内流行的寨卡病毒是国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。寨卡病毒感染是酷似登革热的、自限性的发热、皮疹、关节痛综合征,我国称寨卡病毒病。大多数病例是轻症,主要症状是皮疹、发热、关节痛、肌痛、头痛和结膜炎。寨卡病毒自然传播中的媒介为伊蚊,但也存在非生物媒介传播的危险。曾从血清中分离到寨卡病毒,并证实性交传播。最近有更多的由性传播的病例报告。寨卡病毒由病毒携带的男性经性行为传染给女方。如果最近刚从寨卡病毒流行区来的男性,在性生活中应使用安全套;如果女方已经怀孕,最好是放弃性接触,以保护胎儿。
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne arbovirus, belonging to the genus Flaviviridae. First isolated in 1947 in a sentinel monkey (Rhesus monkey) in the Zakan forest in Uganda. Sporadic cases were reported in Asia and Africa in the 1960s. The first pandemic, characterized by fever and rash, occurred in Yap, Micronesia in 2007; the largest outbreak of Zika in the South Pacific occurred in French Polynesia in October 2013; introduced in 2015 Zika virus in Brazil caused an outbreak. To date, Brazil has infected 1.5 million people and has expanded to more than 30 countries in the world, most of them in South America. As a result of the abnormally high incidence of microcephaly in Brazil and the mother had been infected with Zika virus during pregnancy, WHO declared the world-wide prevalence of Zika virus a public health emergency of international concern. Zika virus infection is similar to dengue fever, self-limiting fever, rash, joint pain syndrome, Zika virus disease in our country. Most cases are mild and the main symptoms are rash, fever, joint pain, myalgia, headache and conjunctivitis. The vector used for the natural transmission of Zika virus is Aedes mosquito, but there is also the danger of non-biological vector transmission. Zika virus was isolated from serum and confirmed sexual transmission. More recent cases of sexually transmitted cases have been reported. Zika virus transmitted by the male sexually transmitted to the woman by the virus. If recently men from the endemic Zika virus zone should use condoms in their sex life, it is better to give up sexual contact to protect the fetus if the woman is pregnant.