AIM: To compare peptic ulcer prevalence in patients referred for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in two Italian hospitals in pre-Helicobacter era and ten years after the progressive diffusion of eradication therapy. METHODS: We checked all the endoscopic examinations consecutively performed in the Gastroenterology Unit of Padova during 1986-87 and 1995-96, and in the Gastroenterology Unit of Parma during 1992 and 2002. Chi Square test was used for statistic analysis. RESULTS: Data from both the endoscopic centers showed a statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of ulcers: from 12.7% to 6.3% (P< 0.001) in Padova and from 15.6% to 12% (P< 0.001) in Parma. The decrease was significant both for duodenal (from 8.8% to 4.8%, P< 0.001) and gastric ulcer (3.9% to 1.5%, P< 0.001) in Padova, and only for duodenal ulcer in Parma (9.2% to 6.1%, P< 0.001; gastric ulcer: 6.3% to 5.8%, NS). CONCLUSION: Ten years of extensive Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) eradication in symptomatic patients led to a significant reduction in peptic ulcer prevalence. This reduction was particularly evident in Padova, where a project for the sensibilization of H pylori eradication among general practioners was carried out between 1990 and 1992. Should our hypothesis be true, H pylori eradication might in the future lead to peptic ulcer as a rare endoscopic finding. AIM: To compare peptic ulcer prevalence in patients referred for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in two Italian hospitals in pre-Helicobacter era and ten years after the progressive diffusion of eradication therapy. METHODS: We checked all the endoscopic examinations consecutively performed in the Gastroenterology Unit of Padova during 1986-87 and 1995-96, and in the Gastroenterology Unit of Parma during 1992 and 2002. Chi Square test was used for statistic analysis. RESULTS: data from both the endoscopic centers showed a significant significant decrease in the prevalence of ulcers: from 12.7% to 6.3% (P <0.001) in Padova and from 15.6% to 12% (P <0.001) in Parma. The decrease was significantly both for duodenal (from 8.8% to 4.8%, P <0.001) 3.9% to 1.5%, P <0.001) in Padova, and only for duodenal ulcer in Parma (9.2% to 6.1%, P <0.001; gastric ulcer: 6.3% to 5.8%, NS). CONCLUSION: Ten years of extensive Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) eradication in symptomatic pati This reduction was particularly evident in Padova, where a project for the sensibilization of H pylori eradication among general practioners was carried out between 1990 and 1992. Should our hypothesis be true, H pylori eradication might in the future lead to peptic ulcer as a rare endoscopic finding.