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Unit 18
1. run vi. (物)延伸,扩展;(事情)继续。例如:
(1)The road runs along the river.
那条道路沿着河流延伸。
(2)The ivy runs along the hedge.
常春藤沿着篱笆攀爬。
(3)The musical play has been running for five years. 那部音乐剧已连续演了五年。
[搭配]run across 偶然遇见;跑过
run after 追求,追逐
run against与……相撞
run at 向……冲去
run away 逃跑,跑
run back to 追溯到
run out of 用完
run up to (数目)达到……
2. be made up of 由……组成。例如:
Our class is made up of six groups.
我们班由六个小组组成。
[比较]be made up of/be made with/be made out of/be made into
(1)be made with指制成品中包含的某种原材料,是“由……做成的”的意思。
A fruit cake is made with fruit. 水果蛋糕是用水果制成的。
(2)be made out of 指做成整个成品的材料,多用于口语,意思和be made of/from差不多,只是语气强一些。例如:
The shirt is made out of the material.
这衬衫是用这种料子做成的。
(3)be made into是指“某种原料制成某种成品”。例如:
Wool has been made into sweaters.
羊毛已做成羊毛衫了。
3. surround vt. 包围、环绕
[用法]surround指一物四周被另一物围绕或完全覆盖;也可指人(尤指土兵或警察)包围一个地方。例如:
(1)The house was surrounded by high walls. 房屋四周围着高墙。
(2)The whole cake is surrounded by a thick coat of jelly.
整个蛋糕覆盖着一层厚厚的果冻。
(3)The village was surrounded by troops. 村庄被部队包围了。
(4)They have surrounded the town with troops. 他们动用部队包围了这座城。
4. same adj. 同一的,同样的
[搭配]the same… as 与……一样
the same… that 是……同一个
at the same time 同时
all the same 尽管,如此,仍然。例如:
(1)We are the same age. 我们同岁。
(2)Let’s meet at the same place as yesterday. 让我们在昨天见面的地方相见吧。
(3)That jacket is the same as mine.
那上衣与我的一样。
(4)This is the same pen that I lost.
这正是我丢失的那支钢笔。
(5)They began to laugh at the same time. 他们同时笑了起来。
(6)He has faults, but I like him all the same. 他有缺点,然而我还是喜欢他。
(1)He is famous for his fine acting.
他以演技精湛闻名。
(2)China has been famous for its silk trade. 中国以丝绸贸易著称。
[比较]be famous for/be famous as
be famous as表示“以……身份闻名”,be famous for是“以……而著名”。例如:
(1)The town is famous as a gambling resort. 该城是个著名的赌城。
(2)He is rather famous as a speechmaker.
他作为一个演说家是相当有名的。
(3)The boy is famous for his handwriting. 这个男孩以他的书法而闻名。
6. settle vt. 安排;料理;解决;决定;使平静;安静;安家;家居。例如:
(1)The moment she got up, she settled her room. 她一起来就收拾房间。
(2)That settles the matter.
事情就这样定了。
(3)He settled in the country after his retirement. 他退休后定居在乡下。
(4)The family finally settled down in Canada. 这一家最后定居加拿大了。
7. by不迟于,到……为止
[用法]by表示“不迟于某时”,“在某时之前(已经完成)”,常与完成时态连用;若指“到过去的某一时候止”,则用过去完成时;有时by后接将来时间,也用将来时。例如:
(1)Perhaps she has recovered by now.
或许到现在她已康复了。
(2)By next Friday I ought to have finished the job.
到下周五,我应完成这项工作。
(3)By the end of last term, we had studied more than five hundred English words. 到上学期期末为止,我们已经学了500多个英语单词。
(4)Your son will be all right by supper time. 你儿子到晚饭时会好的。
8. sign vt. & vi. 署名、签字(约)。例如:
(1)He signed the check.
他签发了支票。
(2)Please sign here. 请在此签名。
(3)He signed his name on the painting which he had just finished. 他在刚刚完成的画上签上了自己的名字。
(4)She signed with the company.
她与那家公司签署了合约。
[拓展]sign也可以用作名词,作“记号、标识、信号、迹象”等解。例如:
(1)maths signs 数学符号
(2)the sign of a barber’s shop
理发店的标志
(3)The teacher made a sign to us to be quiet. 老师做了一个手势叫我们安静。
(4)There were no signs of life on the island. 那个岛上没有生物存在的迹象。
9. refer to涉及;说到;查阅;参考
[用法]refer to中的to为介词,表示“提及、涉及”的对象。例如:
(1)What are you referring to?
你指的是什么?
(2)I thought that he had referred to the boy. 我想他指的是那个男孩。
(3)The speaker often referred to his notes. 那位演讲者常看他的笔记。
(4)He referred to the dictionary.
他查阅了那本词典。
[比较]refer…to… 为“把……提交”“指点……”,“交付”,其中的to也为介词,例如:
(1)We referred her to a doctor.
我们把她交给了医生。
(2)He referred me to the dictionary.
他吩咐我查字典。
10. population n. 人口
[用法]population,作“人口”解时是集体名词,一般不用作复数。当我们说一个城市,地区或国家的人口时,常加冠词。如:人口众多:has a large population;有……人口has a population of…。表示人口多、少一般不用much, little,而用large, small来修饰。提问有多少人口时应用疑问词what。例如:
(1)Our country has a large population.
我国人口很多。
(2)The city has a population of 100,000.
那城市有十万人口。
(3)What is the population of your province? 你们省有多少人口?
[注意]当population作主语指人、且宾语或表语是表职业或身份的词时,其谓语动词应用复数形式。例如:
Most of the population in this factory are women workers.
这个工厂大部分职工都是女的。
11. take place发生
[比较]happen与take place都有“发生”的意思,但用法有所不同。
happen指事情的发生,往往带有“偶然”,或“未能预见”的意思。
take place指事先布置或策划好而后发生,没有“偶然”的意味。例如:
(1)If anything happens to the patient, let me know at once. 如果这位病人发生什么意外,请马上告诉我。
(2)I happened to meet him in the park that day. 那天我碰巧在公园遇到了他。
(3)The December Ninth Movement took place in 1935.
“一二•九”运动发生在1935年。
[注意]take place与happen都是不及物动词,不能用于被动语态。例如:
Great changes have taken place in my hometown. 我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
12. compare比较
[搭配]compare…to… 把……比作; compare…with… 把……与……进行比较。例如:
(1)A beginner’s painting can’t be compared to that of an expert.
初学者的画不能同专家的相比。
(2)If you compare her work with his, you’ll find hers is much better. 要是把他俩的工作比较一下,你就会发现她的好得多。
[注意]①compared with(to)“和……比较”,常位于句首或句尾,作状语。例如:
Compared with(to) drivers in other countries, Americans think they’re good drivers. 同其他国家的司机相比,美国人认为它们是不错的。
②compare notes (with sb.)(习语)交换意见、观点、看法等。例如:
We saw the play separately and compared notes afterwards. 我们各自看了那出戏,后来交换了意见。
13. while conj.而
[用法]while作连词,表对比,常译为“而”;此时,不能同when互换。例如:
(1)He is lazy, while his brother is diligent. 他懒惰而他兄弟勤勉。
(2)While you maybe right, I cannot altogether agree with you.
你也许是对的,可我不能完全同意你。
[注意]while作“当……的时候”讲时表示一段时间,往往有自己的特殊意义,含有“趁着”之意。细读下列句子,体会句中while与when意义的区别:
If you don’t work hard while you are young, you may regret when you are old.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
14. Possession n.(U)所有;拥有(C)财产;所有物(常用复数)。例如:
(1)The possession of a passport is important for foreign travel. 去国外旅行需要护照。
(2)She has valuable information in her possession. 她掌握了重要的信息。
(3)He lost all his possessions in the fire.
他在火灾中损失了所有的财产。
[注意](习语)in possession of sth.控制,占有,占据某物; take possession of sth. 占有(某物)。例如:
The old couple were in possession(took possession) of the house 30 years ago.
这对老夫妇30年前就买下了这座房子。
[比较] possessions/goods/wealth
possessions作“财产;所有物”讲,常用复数;goods“货物;商品;财产”,复数名词,无单数形式,不能与数词连用,但可与many, these, those等词连用,谓语动词用复数;wealth“财产;财富”,为不可数名词。例如:
(1)The goods were produced by a big factory in Shanghai.
这些货物是由上海一家大工厂生产的。
(2)The king’s wealth was too great to measure. 国王的财富多得难以计算。
Unit 19
1. against的用法
(1)作“反对”解,相当于“in opposition to”。
There were 20 votes for him and 12 against him. 有二十票赞成他而十二票反对他。
(2)作“防备;预防”解,相当于“in preparation for”。
We all need some savings against a rainy day. 我们都需要储蓄一些钱以备不时之需。
(3)作“抵抗、抵御”解,相当于“as a defence or protection from”。
We are all taking medicine against the disease. 我们都在服药以抵抗疾病。
(4)作“违反;犯;禁止”解。
This is against the law. 这是违法的。
(5)作“逆……,对着”解,相当于“in an opposite direction to”。
I swam against the stream. 我逆流游泳。
(6)作“不利于……”解。
The evidence is against him.
证据对他不利。
(7)作“衬托;相映;对照;以……为背景”解,相当于“in contrast to; having as a background”。
Ms. Alice is beautiful against the sky.
在蓝天的映衬下,艾丽斯小姐是美丽的。
(8)作“对比;比较”解。
He was elected president of our class by a majority of forty votes against seven. 他以四十票对七票之多数被选为我们的班长。
(9)作“靠;依;接触”解。
The ladder was placed against the wall.
梯子靠着墙放着。
(10)against与beat, dash, hit, push, run,strike等动词连用,作“打在……上,碰到……”解。
Rain beats against the window.
雨打在窗户上。
He hit against a tree. 他撞到了树上。
(11)against与over连用,作“面对;相对;在……的正对面”解。
We live over against the temple.
我们住在那寺庙的正对面。
2. develop的用法
(1)发展,养成,形成,培养(vt.)
He developed an interest in science.
他对科学产生了兴趣。
Fresh air and exercise develop healthy bodies.新鲜空气和体育锻炼造就健康的体魄。
(2)发展,成长,形成,出现
He developed into a strong leader.
他成长为一位身体强健的领导人。
(3)冲冼(胶卷)
Let’s have these pictures developed.
咱们把这些照片冲洗一下吧。
(4)开发,建设
We must develop the natural resources of our country.
我们必须开发我国的自然资源。
3. research的用法
(1)①作名词“研究工作”(不可数)
I asked him how his research was going.
我询问他的研究工作进展得如何了。
(可作定语:research work研究工作)
②“一项研究工作”(可数)
They are carrying out a research into(for)the causes of cancer.他们在进行一项研究癌症起因的工作。
I tried to concentrate my attention upon my chemical researches.
我尽力把注意力集中到了化学研究上。
(2)①作动词“研究”(vt.vi.)
The scientist researched the cause of the disease. 科学家研究了这种疾病的起因。
②用于research into/in/on研究
He is researching into the reading problems of young school children.
他在研究小学生的阅读问题。
1. run vi. (物)延伸,扩展;(事情)继续。例如:
(1)The road runs along the river.
那条道路沿着河流延伸。
(2)The ivy runs along the hedge.
常春藤沿着篱笆攀爬。
(3)The musical play has been running for five years. 那部音乐剧已连续演了五年。
[搭配]run across 偶然遇见;跑过
run after 追求,追逐
run against与……相撞
run at 向……冲去
run away 逃跑,跑
run back to 追溯到
run out of 用完
run up to (数目)达到……
2. be made up of 由……组成。例如:
Our class is made up of six groups.
我们班由六个小组组成。
[比较]be made up of/be made with/be made out of/be made into
(1)be made with指制成品中包含的某种原材料,是“由……做成的”的意思。
A fruit cake is made with fruit. 水果蛋糕是用水果制成的。
(2)be made out of 指做成整个成品的材料,多用于口语,意思和be made of/from差不多,只是语气强一些。例如:
The shirt is made out of the material.
这衬衫是用这种料子做成的。
(3)be made into是指“某种原料制成某种成品”。例如:
Wool has been made into sweaters.
羊毛已做成羊毛衫了。
3. surround vt. 包围、环绕
[用法]surround指一物四周被另一物围绕或完全覆盖;也可指人(尤指土兵或警察)包围一个地方。例如:
(1)The house was surrounded by high walls. 房屋四周围着高墙。
(2)The whole cake is surrounded by a thick coat of jelly.
整个蛋糕覆盖着一层厚厚的果冻。
(3)The village was surrounded by troops. 村庄被部队包围了。
(4)They have surrounded the town with troops. 他们动用部队包围了这座城。
4. same adj. 同一的,同样的
[搭配]the same… as 与……一样
the same… that 是……同一个
at the same time 同时
all the same 尽管,如此,仍然。例如:
(1)We are the same age. 我们同岁。
(2)Let’s meet at the same place as yesterday. 让我们在昨天见面的地方相见吧。
(3)That jacket is the same as mine.
那上衣与我的一样。
(4)This is the same pen that I lost.
这正是我丢失的那支钢笔。
(5)They began to laugh at the same time. 他们同时笑了起来。
(6)He has faults, but I like him all the same. 他有缺点,然而我还是喜欢他。
(1)He is famous for his fine acting.
他以演技精湛闻名。
(2)China has been famous for its silk trade. 中国以丝绸贸易著称。
[比较]be famous for/be famous as
be famous as表示“以……身份闻名”,be famous for是“以……而著名”。例如:
(1)The town is famous as a gambling resort. 该城是个著名的赌城。
(2)He is rather famous as a speechmaker.
他作为一个演说家是相当有名的。
(3)The boy is famous for his handwriting. 这个男孩以他的书法而闻名。
6. settle vt. 安排;料理;解决;决定;使平静;安静;安家;家居。例如:
(1)The moment she got up, she settled her room. 她一起来就收拾房间。
(2)That settles the matter.
事情就这样定了。
(3)He settled in the country after his retirement. 他退休后定居在乡下。
(4)The family finally settled down in Canada. 这一家最后定居加拿大了。
7. by不迟于,到……为止
[用法]by表示“不迟于某时”,“在某时之前(已经完成)”,常与完成时态连用;若指“到过去的某一时候止”,则用过去完成时;有时by后接将来时间,也用将来时。例如:
(1)Perhaps she has recovered by now.
或许到现在她已康复了。
(2)By next Friday I ought to have finished the job.
到下周五,我应完成这项工作。
(3)By the end of last term, we had studied more than five hundred English words. 到上学期期末为止,我们已经学了500多个英语单词。
(4)Your son will be all right by supper time. 你儿子到晚饭时会好的。
8. sign vt. & vi. 署名、签字(约)。例如:
(1)He signed the check.
他签发了支票。
(2)Please sign here. 请在此签名。
(3)He signed his name on the painting which he had just finished. 他在刚刚完成的画上签上了自己的名字。
(4)She signed with the company.
她与那家公司签署了合约。
[拓展]sign也可以用作名词,作“记号、标识、信号、迹象”等解。例如:
(1)maths signs 数学符号
(2)the sign of a barber’s shop
理发店的标志
(3)The teacher made a sign to us to be quiet. 老师做了一个手势叫我们安静。
(4)There were no signs of life on the island. 那个岛上没有生物存在的迹象。
9. refer to涉及;说到;查阅;参考
[用法]refer to中的to为介词,表示“提及、涉及”的对象。例如:
(1)What are you referring to?
你指的是什么?
(2)I thought that he had referred to the boy. 我想他指的是那个男孩。
(3)The speaker often referred to his notes. 那位演讲者常看他的笔记。
(4)He referred to the dictionary.
他查阅了那本词典。
[比较]refer…to… 为“把……提交”“指点……”,“交付”,其中的to也为介词,例如:
(1)We referred her to a doctor.
我们把她交给了医生。
(2)He referred me to the dictionary.
他吩咐我查字典。
10. population n. 人口
[用法]population,作“人口”解时是集体名词,一般不用作复数。当我们说一个城市,地区或国家的人口时,常加冠词。如:人口众多:has a large population;有……人口has a population of…。表示人口多、少一般不用much, little,而用large, small来修饰。提问有多少人口时应用疑问词what。例如:
(1)Our country has a large population.
我国人口很多。
(2)The city has a population of 100,000.
那城市有十万人口。
(3)What is the population of your province? 你们省有多少人口?
[注意]当population作主语指人、且宾语或表语是表职业或身份的词时,其谓语动词应用复数形式。例如:
Most of the population in this factory are women workers.
这个工厂大部分职工都是女的。
11. take place发生
[比较]happen与take place都有“发生”的意思,但用法有所不同。
happen指事情的发生,往往带有“偶然”,或“未能预见”的意思。
take place指事先布置或策划好而后发生,没有“偶然”的意味。例如:
(1)If anything happens to the patient, let me know at once. 如果这位病人发生什么意外,请马上告诉我。
(2)I happened to meet him in the park that day. 那天我碰巧在公园遇到了他。
(3)The December Ninth Movement took place in 1935.
“一二•九”运动发生在1935年。
[注意]take place与happen都是不及物动词,不能用于被动语态。例如:
Great changes have taken place in my hometown. 我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
12. compare比较
[搭配]compare…to… 把……比作; compare…with… 把……与……进行比较。例如:
(1)A beginner’s painting can’t be compared to that of an expert.
初学者的画不能同专家的相比。
(2)If you compare her work with his, you’ll find hers is much better. 要是把他俩的工作比较一下,你就会发现她的好得多。
[注意]①compared with(to)“和……比较”,常位于句首或句尾,作状语。例如:
Compared with(to) drivers in other countries, Americans think they’re good drivers. 同其他国家的司机相比,美国人认为它们是不错的。
②compare notes (with sb.)(习语)交换意见、观点、看法等。例如:
We saw the play separately and compared notes afterwards. 我们各自看了那出戏,后来交换了意见。
13. while conj.而
[用法]while作连词,表对比,常译为“而”;此时,不能同when互换。例如:
(1)He is lazy, while his brother is diligent. 他懒惰而他兄弟勤勉。
(2)While you maybe right, I cannot altogether agree with you.
你也许是对的,可我不能完全同意你。
[注意]while作“当……的时候”讲时表示一段时间,往往有自己的特殊意义,含有“趁着”之意。细读下列句子,体会句中while与when意义的区别:
If you don’t work hard while you are young, you may regret when you are old.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
14. Possession n.(U)所有;拥有(C)财产;所有物(常用复数)。例如:
(1)The possession of a passport is important for foreign travel. 去国外旅行需要护照。
(2)She has valuable information in her possession. 她掌握了重要的信息。
(3)He lost all his possessions in the fire.
他在火灾中损失了所有的财产。
[注意](习语)in possession of sth.控制,占有,占据某物; take possession of sth. 占有(某物)。例如:
The old couple were in possession(took possession) of the house 30 years ago.
这对老夫妇30年前就买下了这座房子。
[比较] possessions/goods/wealth
possessions作“财产;所有物”讲,常用复数;goods“货物;商品;财产”,复数名词,无单数形式,不能与数词连用,但可与many, these, those等词连用,谓语动词用复数;wealth“财产;财富”,为不可数名词。例如:
(1)The goods were produced by a big factory in Shanghai.
这些货物是由上海一家大工厂生产的。
(2)The king’s wealth was too great to measure. 国王的财富多得难以计算。
Unit 19
1. against的用法
(1)作“反对”解,相当于“in opposition to”。
There were 20 votes for him and 12 against him. 有二十票赞成他而十二票反对他。
(2)作“防备;预防”解,相当于“in preparation for”。
We all need some savings against a rainy day. 我们都需要储蓄一些钱以备不时之需。
(3)作“抵抗、抵御”解,相当于“as a defence or protection from”。
We are all taking medicine against the disease. 我们都在服药以抵抗疾病。
(4)作“违反;犯;禁止”解。
This is against the law. 这是违法的。
(5)作“逆……,对着”解,相当于“in an opposite direction to”。
I swam against the stream. 我逆流游泳。
(6)作“不利于……”解。
The evidence is against him.
证据对他不利。
(7)作“衬托;相映;对照;以……为背景”解,相当于“in contrast to; having as a background”。
Ms. Alice is beautiful against the sky.
在蓝天的映衬下,艾丽斯小姐是美丽的。
(8)作“对比;比较”解。
He was elected president of our class by a majority of forty votes against seven. 他以四十票对七票之多数被选为我们的班长。
(9)作“靠;依;接触”解。
The ladder was placed against the wall.
梯子靠着墙放着。
(10)against与beat, dash, hit, push, run,strike等动词连用,作“打在……上,碰到……”解。
Rain beats against the window.
雨打在窗户上。
He hit against a tree. 他撞到了树上。
(11)against与over连用,作“面对;相对;在……的正对面”解。
We live over against the temple.
我们住在那寺庙的正对面。
2. develop的用法
(1)发展,养成,形成,培养(vt.)
He developed an interest in science.
他对科学产生了兴趣。
Fresh air and exercise develop healthy bodies.新鲜空气和体育锻炼造就健康的体魄。
(2)发展,成长,形成,出现
He developed into a strong leader.
他成长为一位身体强健的领导人。
(3)冲冼(胶卷)
Let’s have these pictures developed.
咱们把这些照片冲洗一下吧。
(4)开发,建设
We must develop the natural resources of our country.
我们必须开发我国的自然资源。
3. research的用法
(1)①作名词“研究工作”(不可数)
I asked him how his research was going.
我询问他的研究工作进展得如何了。
(可作定语:research work研究工作)
②“一项研究工作”(可数)
They are carrying out a research into(for)the causes of cancer.他们在进行一项研究癌症起因的工作。
I tried to concentrate my attention upon my chemical researches.
我尽力把注意力集中到了化学研究上。
(2)①作动词“研究”(vt.vi.)
The scientist researched the cause of the disease. 科学家研究了这种疾病的起因。
②用于research into/in/on研究
He is researching into the reading problems of young school children.
他在研究小学生的阅读问题。