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The E1 Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) phenomenon is the most dominant climate mode on interannual timescales,impacting weather systems around the globe.ENSO variability is distinguished by coherent,large-scale patterns of anomalies in the ocean and atmosphere,including sea surface temperature(SST),thermocline depth,winds,currents,precipitation,and atmospheric pressure.This presentation reviews our current understanding of how ENSO responds to external forcings,such as:—changes of the continental boundary conditions—orbitally-induced insolation variations—massive explosive volcanic eruptions—century-scale solar irradiance variations—future greenhouse warming While ENSO is often regarded as just one statistical mode,a detailed analysis of its dynamics using theoretical models reveals that it is a mixture of distinct physical modes with different underlying mechanisms and different sensitivities to external forcing.Disentangling these “flavors” of ENSO is a pre-requisite towards predicting ENSO’s response to past and future climate change.Paleo reconstructions of ENSO from different paleo archives such as corals,high-sedimentation cores,speleothems and tree-rings will play a key role in further constraining the sensitivity of ENSO,as simulated by state of the art climate models.
The E1 Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is the most dominant climate mode on interannual timescales, impacting weather systems around the globe. ENSO variability is distinguished by coherent, large-scale patterns of anomalies in the ocean and atmosphere, including sea surface temperature (SST), thermocline depth, winds, currents, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure. This presentation reviews our current understanding of how ENSO responds to external forcings, such as: -changes of the continental boundary conditions-orbitally-induced insolation variations-massive explosive volcanic eruptions-century-scale solar irradiance variations-future greenhouse warming While ENSO is often considered as just one statistical mode, a detailed analysis of its dynamics using theoretical models reveals that it is a mixture of distinct physical modes with different underlying mechanisms and different sensitivities to external forcing.Disentangling these “flavors ” of ENSO is a pre-requisite towa rds predicting ENSO’s response to past and future climate change. Paul reconstructions of ENSO from different paleo archives such as corals, high-sedimentation cores, speleothems and tree-rings will play a key role in further constraining the sensitivity of ENSO, as simulated by state of the art climate models.