论文部分内容阅读
Vanuatu is a republic country that became independent in 1980， which is located at the southwest Pacific Ocean. The land of the country is consisted of 13 big islands and 70 small islands， forming a island chain of “Y” shape and the regulated water area is about 850，000 square meters. The land area is about 13，000 square meters and is mainly mountain land covered with jungles.
According to research， the ancestors of Vanuatuans migrated here through Indonesia from Northeast Asia about B.C. 3000 years ago. Now the population is about 200，000. 98% of the nation’s population is Vanuatuans， which belong to the Melanesian race. The constitution after the independence stipulates that all land of the state belongs to indigenous Melanesian people and their decedents. People in Vanuatu are very nice and the kind-hearted indigenous Melanesian people disperse and settle in the islands in the units of family and tribe and they speak 115 different dialects. Every family has a land that handed down from the ancestors or allocated by the chief of a tribe， and people from generation to generation live a life of Adam and Eve type in this garden of Eden on earth by “eating under a tree and wearing a piece of cloth”.
瓦努阿图是1980年获得独立的共和国，位于西南太平洋。其国土为一个由13个大岛和70个小岛构成的“Y”字型的岛屿链，所辖水域约85万平方公里。陆地面积约1.3万平方公里，主要是密林覆盖的山地。
据考证，瓦努阿图人的祖先是约公元前三千年前从东南亚经过印度尼西亚迁移过来的。现有人口约20万。在瓦国的民族中，98%为瓦努阿图人，属美拉尼西亚人种。独立后的宪法规定，瓦努阿图所有土地属土著美拉尼西亚人及其后裔所有。瓦努阿图民风淳朴，善良的土著美拉尼西亚人，通常以家族和部落为单位，分散定居在各个岛屿上，他们说着115种不同的方言。每户都有一块祖传或酋长分配的土地，世世代代在这块人间伊甸园中过着亚当夏娃式的生活，“吃饭一棵树，穿衣一块布”。
The sand painting is to draw kinds of figures by a finger on the outdoor sand （beach） or ground full of ash or clay. It is the “unique technique” passed down by the generations of indigenous Melanesian people and is better than that in other regions around the world. The paintings are more in the northern islands， especially in Abrym Island， Pentecote Island and Malakula Island. Such as， in Abrym Island， there are found 180 types of sand painting patterns. The sand paintings drew by primitive tribal artists with their fingers has become a famous world tourist scene.
Vanuatu sand painting is not only an ancient way of art expression， but also a practicable communication method in middle and northern islands. This multifunctional way of “writing” is based on the background of religious rites， meditation and communication. About 80 tribes speaking different dialects live in the middle and northern islands， and the sand painting appears as a communication tool among various tribes. They are also tools for recording and spreading religious rituals and myths and provide people a lot of information to know about the local history， cosmology， tribal system， scientific phenomenon， page songs， livestock feeding technique， architecture and manual skill and choreography. 所谓沙画，就是在露天的沙地（沙滩）、撒满火山灰或泥土的地面上，用一只手指直接勾画出的各种图形。沙画是瓦努阿图土著人祖祖辈辈传下来的“绝活”，较之世界其它地区的沙画艺高一筹。瓦努阿图沙画以其北部的一些岛屿居多，尤其是在安布里姆岛、庞特科特岛和马勒库拉岛。例如，在安布里姆岛上，发现沙画的图案就有180种。那里的原始部落艺术家手指绘出的沙画，已成为一道著名的世界旅游景观。
瓦努阿图沙画传统不仅仅是一种古老的艺术表现形式，而且还是一种存在于中部和北部岛屿之间的一种实际运用的交流方式，这种多功能“写作”形式的出现，是基于宗教仪式、冥想和交流的各种背景。大约有80多个说不同语言的部落居住在瓦努阿图中部和北部的岛屿，沙画正是作为一种不同部落之间的交流工具而出现的。它们也是用来记录和传播宗教礼仪和神话故事的工具，同时也给人们提供了当地历史、宇宙论、部族体系、科学现象、连篇歌曲、家畜饲养技术、建筑和手工技艺以及舞蹈编排等大量重要信息。
Most of the sand paintings have many meaning and function： they could be an art work for “reading”， could tell stories， could be codes for understanding some secret groups， could be a proof for owning a land or a spell of some kind of magic， and could just be for the massage conveying or the casual work in meditation. Through long-term development and evolution， it has already become a rich and energetic traditional drawing pattern. Since sand painting is not only a “picture”， but also a precise network interwoven by songs， stories and knowledge that with inner connections. Sand painting artists should not only be skillful at painting， but also understand well about their meanings. Besides， they should tell the audiences the implication inside.
Sand painting also is used in recording property record and delivering the knowledge of ritual and myths and lots of oral information about local history， techniques and culture， such as： local cosmology， system relative relationship， scientific phenomenon， songs medley， technique cultivation， architecture and process design and dance art design. Vanuatu sand painting is not only a “picture”， but also songs connected to each other and delicate network of stories and knowledge.
大多数沙画都有很多含义和功能：它们可以作为一种艺术作品来“读”，可以讲故事，可以作为了解某些秘密群体的密码，可以作为拥有一块土地的证明或是一种具有某种魔法的诅咒，它也可能仅仅就是为了传达某种信息或是沉思当中的信手之作。经过长期的发展和演变，沙画已经成为了一种丰富而具活力的传统绘画形式。因为沙画不仅仅是一种“图画”，而且还是有着内在联系的歌曲、故事和知识交织成的一个精密的网。沙画艺术家不仅要精通绘画，而且对它们的含义也要十分了解。除此之外，他们还必须能够向观众讲述出其中的含义。
沙画也用作记载遗赠的财产记录并且传送仪式和神话知识，以及大量口头的关于本地历史的、技艺的、人文的各种信息，如：当地宇宙学，系统亲戚关系，科学现象，歌曲联唱，技术耕作，建筑和工艺设计，以及舞蹈艺术图案等。
The subjects of Vanuatu sand painting are stem from reveries of myths and improvised description of scenery in real life （like sea turtle， canoe， facial makeup…）. They draw eye-dazzling geometric figures by fingers with exquisite composition and almost all symmetrical line segments. The even more amazing thing is the most practiced local artists can draw a whole sand painting by one stroke from start to finish.
Currently， the traditional Vanuatu sand painting exists in various communities of its middle islands， and the most ordinary design has been widely used in Vanuatu bill and stamp for popularization. In 2003， the United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization declared Vanuatu sand painting as the “master work of human oral and intangible cultural heritage”.
瓦努阿图沙画的题材，多源于一些神话传说的遐想，也有的是对现实生活景物（如海龟、独木舟、人的脸谱……）的即兴描绘。他们用手指勾划出的令人眼花缭乱的几何图形，不仅构图相当精确，而且所有线段几乎全是对称的。更让人惊异的是，最熟练的土著艺术家竟可从始至终用手指一笔画成整幅的沙画。
目前，瓦努阿图沙画传统在瓦努阿图中部岛的不同的社区中幸存着，并且最普通的设计已经被广泛地用于瓦努阿图钞票和邮票进行传播。2003年，联合国教科文组织将瓦努阿图沙画宣布为“人类口头与非物质文化遗产代表作”。
According to research， the ancestors of Vanuatuans migrated here through Indonesia from Northeast Asia about B.C. 3000 years ago. Now the population is about 200，000. 98% of the nation’s population is Vanuatuans， which belong to the Melanesian race. The constitution after the independence stipulates that all land of the state belongs to indigenous Melanesian people and their decedents. People in Vanuatu are very nice and the kind-hearted indigenous Melanesian people disperse and settle in the islands in the units of family and tribe and they speak 115 different dialects. Every family has a land that handed down from the ancestors or allocated by the chief of a tribe， and people from generation to generation live a life of Adam and Eve type in this garden of Eden on earth by “eating under a tree and wearing a piece of cloth”.
瓦努阿图是1980年获得独立的共和国，位于西南太平洋。其国土为一个由13个大岛和70个小岛构成的“Y”字型的岛屿链，所辖水域约85万平方公里。陆地面积约1.3万平方公里，主要是密林覆盖的山地。
据考证，瓦努阿图人的祖先是约公元前三千年前从东南亚经过印度尼西亚迁移过来的。现有人口约20万。在瓦国的民族中，98%为瓦努阿图人，属美拉尼西亚人种。独立后的宪法规定，瓦努阿图所有土地属土著美拉尼西亚人及其后裔所有。瓦努阿图民风淳朴，善良的土著美拉尼西亚人，通常以家族和部落为单位，分散定居在各个岛屿上，他们说着115种不同的方言。每户都有一块祖传或酋长分配的土地，世世代代在这块人间伊甸园中过着亚当夏娃式的生活，“吃饭一棵树，穿衣一块布”。
The sand painting is to draw kinds of figures by a finger on the outdoor sand （beach） or ground full of ash or clay. It is the “unique technique” passed down by the generations of indigenous Melanesian people and is better than that in other regions around the world. The paintings are more in the northern islands， especially in Abrym Island， Pentecote Island and Malakula Island. Such as， in Abrym Island， there are found 180 types of sand painting patterns. The sand paintings drew by primitive tribal artists with their fingers has become a famous world tourist scene.
Vanuatu sand painting is not only an ancient way of art expression， but also a practicable communication method in middle and northern islands. This multifunctional way of “writing” is based on the background of religious rites， meditation and communication. About 80 tribes speaking different dialects live in the middle and northern islands， and the sand painting appears as a communication tool among various tribes. They are also tools for recording and spreading religious rituals and myths and provide people a lot of information to know about the local history， cosmology， tribal system， scientific phenomenon， page songs， livestock feeding technique， architecture and manual skill and choreography. 所谓沙画，就是在露天的沙地（沙滩）、撒满火山灰或泥土的地面上，用一只手指直接勾画出的各种图形。沙画是瓦努阿图土著人祖祖辈辈传下来的“绝活”，较之世界其它地区的沙画艺高一筹。瓦努阿图沙画以其北部的一些岛屿居多，尤其是在安布里姆岛、庞特科特岛和马勒库拉岛。例如，在安布里姆岛上，发现沙画的图案就有180种。那里的原始部落艺术家手指绘出的沙画，已成为一道著名的世界旅游景观。
瓦努阿图沙画传统不仅仅是一种古老的艺术表现形式，而且还是一种存在于中部和北部岛屿之间的一种实际运用的交流方式，这种多功能“写作”形式的出现，是基于宗教仪式、冥想和交流的各种背景。大约有80多个说不同语言的部落居住在瓦努阿图中部和北部的岛屿，沙画正是作为一种不同部落之间的交流工具而出现的。它们也是用来记录和传播宗教礼仪和神话故事的工具，同时也给人们提供了当地历史、宇宙论、部族体系、科学现象、连篇歌曲、家畜饲养技术、建筑和手工技艺以及舞蹈编排等大量重要信息。
Most of the sand paintings have many meaning and function： they could be an art work for “reading”， could tell stories， could be codes for understanding some secret groups， could be a proof for owning a land or a spell of some kind of magic， and could just be for the massage conveying or the casual work in meditation. Through long-term development and evolution， it has already become a rich and energetic traditional drawing pattern. Since sand painting is not only a “picture”， but also a precise network interwoven by songs， stories and knowledge that with inner connections. Sand painting artists should not only be skillful at painting， but also understand well about their meanings. Besides， they should tell the audiences the implication inside.
Sand painting also is used in recording property record and delivering the knowledge of ritual and myths and lots of oral information about local history， techniques and culture， such as： local cosmology， system relative relationship， scientific phenomenon， songs medley， technique cultivation， architecture and process design and dance art design. Vanuatu sand painting is not only a “picture”， but also songs connected to each other and delicate network of stories and knowledge.
大多数沙画都有很多含义和功能：它们可以作为一种艺术作品来“读”，可以讲故事，可以作为了解某些秘密群体的密码，可以作为拥有一块土地的证明或是一种具有某种魔法的诅咒，它也可能仅仅就是为了传达某种信息或是沉思当中的信手之作。经过长期的发展和演变，沙画已经成为了一种丰富而具活力的传统绘画形式。因为沙画不仅仅是一种“图画”，而且还是有着内在联系的歌曲、故事和知识交织成的一个精密的网。沙画艺术家不仅要精通绘画，而且对它们的含义也要十分了解。除此之外，他们还必须能够向观众讲述出其中的含义。
沙画也用作记载遗赠的财产记录并且传送仪式和神话知识，以及大量口头的关于本地历史的、技艺的、人文的各种信息，如：当地宇宙学，系统亲戚关系，科学现象，歌曲联唱，技术耕作，建筑和工艺设计，以及舞蹈艺术图案等。
The subjects of Vanuatu sand painting are stem from reveries of myths and improvised description of scenery in real life （like sea turtle， canoe， facial makeup…）. They draw eye-dazzling geometric figures by fingers with exquisite composition and almost all symmetrical line segments. The even more amazing thing is the most practiced local artists can draw a whole sand painting by one stroke from start to finish.
Currently， the traditional Vanuatu sand painting exists in various communities of its middle islands， and the most ordinary design has been widely used in Vanuatu bill and stamp for popularization. In 2003， the United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization declared Vanuatu sand painting as the “master work of human oral and intangible cultural heritage”.
瓦努阿图沙画的题材，多源于一些神话传说的遐想，也有的是对现实生活景物（如海龟、独木舟、人的脸谱……）的即兴描绘。他们用手指勾划出的令人眼花缭乱的几何图形，不仅构图相当精确，而且所有线段几乎全是对称的。更让人惊异的是，最熟练的土著艺术家竟可从始至终用手指一笔画成整幅的沙画。
目前，瓦努阿图沙画传统在瓦努阿图中部岛的不同的社区中幸存着，并且最普通的设计已经被广泛地用于瓦努阿图钞票和邮票进行传播。2003年，联合国教科文组织将瓦努阿图沙画宣布为“人类口头与非物质文化遗产代表作”。