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奎因把知识论视为心理学的一章,即一门单纯的描述性学科。普特南、戴维森和罗蒂对这条自然化道路进行了深刻反思,逐渐形成一种逃离自然主义的趋势,试图恢复知识论的规范维度。然而,直至索萨提出德性知识论之后才发展出一种较为系统的解释框架,它以理智德性和认知视角为核心,能够兼顾知识论的规范性和描述性这两个维度。德性知识论是化解传统知识论与自然科学这场遭遇战的一条可能路径。
Quinn treats epistemology as a chapter of psychology, a mere descriptive discipline. Putnam, Davidson and Rorty conducted a profound reflection on this path of nature and gradually formed a tendency to flee the naturalism and attempt to restore the normative dimension of epistemology. However, it is not until Sousa put forward the theory of virtue that it develops a more systematic framework of explanation. It takes both rational and cognitive perspectives as the core and can balance the normative and descriptive dimensions of epistemology. Vital theory of knowledge is a possible path to resolve this encounter between traditional knowledge theory and natural science.