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传统垄断理论认为,垄断会带来市场低效率、损害消费者福利。反垄断法的立法目的即是打击垄断、维护竞争,从而促进消费者福利。职业体育联盟是体育产品(比赛)的主要供给者。根据传统垄断理论,设置准入限制、控制规模的职业体育联盟具有典型的垄断特征,应当适用反垄断法进行规制。然而,与市场其他产业比较,体育产业又具有其他普通产业所不具备的特性,即独特的生产结构与产品的竞争平衡性。因此,以促进消费者福利的名义在体育产业适用反垄断法能否实现执法者想要的结果便存疑问。职业体育联盟规模的数理模型说明,恰恰是垄断规模而非竞争规模才是促进社会效率与消费者福利的联盟最优规模。因此,在体育产业利用反垄断法打击垄断、引入竞争,结果只会适得其反。正确的做法应当是让联盟自主决定其规模大小,而无须反垄断法的干涉。
The traditional monopoly theory argues that monopoly will lead to inefficient market and undermine consumer welfare. The legislative purpose of antitrust law is to combat monopoly and maintain competition so as to promote consumer welfare. Professional sports federation is the main supplier of sports products (competitions). According to the traditional theory of monopolies, the professional sports federation, which sets the limits of admission and the scale of control, has typical characteristics of monopolization and should be regulated by antitrust law. However, compared with other industries in the market, the sports industry possesses the characteristics that other ordinary industries do not have, that is, the unique balance of production structure and products. Therefore, in the name of promoting consumer welfare, the question of whether antitrust law can be implemented in sports industry can achieve the desired result of law enforcement. The mathematical model of the size of professional sports federation shows that it is precisely the monopoly scale instead of the competitive scale that is the optimal scale of alliance to promote social efficiency and consumer welfare. Therefore, using antitrust law in the sports industry to crack down on monopolies and introduce competition will only be counterproductive. The correct approach should be to allow the coalition to decide on its own size without the need for antitrust interference.