Tailored amorphous titanium oxide and carbon composites for enhanced pseudocapacitive sodium storage

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As an effective and competitive supplement to the commercial-ized lithium ion batteries (LIBs),sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have been receiving increasing attention in recent years due to lower cost,richer content,and broader distribution of sodium [1-7].Sodium has similar electrochemical properties to lithium,and thus the concepts for the preparation of electrode materials for SIBs can be borrowed from LIBs [8,9].On this basis,cathode materials have achieved some progress [10-12].Still,the inability of graphite to store sodium has stimulated research on other types of anode materials,including organic-based materials,alloying-based mate-rials,redox-based materials,and insertion-based materials[13-16].Currently,one of the most critical challenges for SIB anodes is their sluggish electrochemical intercalated reaction kinetics caused by the larger ion radius.More discussions in this area are still needed to understand ions storage mechanisms in dif-ferent conditions,and it is essential to explore novel strategies for electrodes designing.
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