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在特定情境中考查时态和语态,不仅是历年高考语用能力考查的重点,更是湖北高考卷之完成句子考查的难点和学生的易错点之一。本文拟就“特定情境” 中时态和语态作简要归纳。
一、一般现在时的特定情境
1.1在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。但要注意在由if引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”,但不表示将来时态。
eg: What will you do if it rains tomorrow? 如果明天下雨你们做什么?
1.2表示按时间表拟定或安排好要发生的动作,常用于这种情况的动词有:come,go,leave,arrive,fly,return,start,begin,open,close,end,stop等趋向动词。
eg: The flight takes off at 2∶30 tomorrow. 飞机明天2∶30起飞。
1.3在以here, there开头的句子里,go, come等少数动词的一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。
eg: There goes the bell. 铃响了。
二、现在完成时和一般过去时的特定情境
2.1现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响或结果,或说话时已完成的动作, 往往有already, yet, just等词或上下文提示,但不能与表示过去的时间状语连用;一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态,和现在关系不大,不强调对现在的影响。
eg: Look, he has already painted the wall. 瞧,他已刷了这堵墙.(强调效果)
eg: He painted the wall this morning. 他今天上午刷了这堵墙。(强调动作)
2.2短暂性动词(即瞬间动词)join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break out等等可以有完成时,但其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用;有表示一段时间的状语修饰时谓语动词也并不一定就用完成时。
eg: —You speak very good French!
—Thanks. I studied French in Sichuan University for four years.
2.3现在完成时可以表示从过去开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和for, since, so far, up to now, in the past / last few years等表述的一段时间的状语连用。
eg: The book has been translated into thirty languages since it came on the market in 1973.
2.4表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用 “have / has been to”,表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用 “have/has gone to”.
eg 1: —Where is Li Hua?
—He has gone to the reading-room.
eg 2: —She knows a lot about Shanghai.
—She has been there
2.5语境中的一般过去时,往往表示“在过去”之意,暗示现在已“不再这样”。
eg: Your phone number again?I didn’t quite catch it. 再说一遍你的电话号码好吗?我刚才没听见。
三、固定结构中的特定情境
3.1在“It be 一段时间 before从句”结构中,如果主句用将来时,则从句中用一般现在时表示将来时,意为“多久后会发生某事”; 如果主句用过去时,则从句也用过去时,意为“多久后发生了某事”。
eg: I developed very slowly and it took nearly two hundred years before I was built as an analytical machine by Charles Babbage. (before“……之后才……”)我发育缓慢,差不多到两百年后,查尔斯?巴比奇才把我制成了一台分析机。
(1) 若表达“还未……就……;……才……;还没来得及……就……”时,需用连词before。
eg1: He rushed out of the room before I told him the news. 我还没来得及告诉他消息,他就冲出了房间。
eg2: Please write it down before you forget it. 趁你现在没忘把它记下来。
(2) it will be + 一段时间 + before ... 多久之后才……。
eg: It will be half a year before I come back. 还得呆半年我才能回来。
(3) It won’t be / wasn’t long before ... 不久就……。
eg 1: It won’t be long before we meet again. 没多长时间我们就会又见面的。
eg 2: It wasn’t long before we got tired. 不久我们就累了。
3.2在“This / It is the first / second ... time that从句”结构中,that 从句中一般用现在完成时;如果把前面的is改为was,则that从句中多用过去完成时。 eg 1: This is the first time I have come here. 这是我第一次来这
eg 2: This was the first time that I had passed the exam. 那是我第一次考试及
3.3表示愿望、打算一类的词,例如:hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose等,其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
eg 1: I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. 我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
eg 2: I had meant to help you, but I was too busy then. 我本想帮你的,但当时确实太忙了。
3.4现在进行时表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作 ,往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪,常与always,continually,constantly连用。
eg: He is constantly making the same mistake. 他总是犯同样的错误。
3.5 Hardly / Scarcely / Barely had ... done ... when ...; No sooner had ... done ... than... when和than从句里用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时,且用倒装,从句总用一般过去时,表示“刚刚……就……”。
eg: Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down. 我刚到家,大雨就倾盆而下。
3.6 I didn’t know / recognize ..., I forgot ..., I thought ...等表示事先不知道 / 没认出或不记得,但现在已知道 / 认出或记得的事情。
eg: —I’ve got to go now.
—Must you? I thought you could stay for dinner with us. Ks5u
四、主动形式表示被动含义的特定情境
4.1表示主语的某种属性的词:read,write,act,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,look,shut等。
eg 1: The pen writes smoothly. 这只钢笔写起来流利
eg 2: This coat dries easily. 这种外衣容易干
4.2系动词look,feel,sound,smell,taste,seem,go,come,prove,turn,lie,sit,stand + 形容词 / 名词。
eg 1: Ice feels cold. 冰摸上去凉。
eg 2: His plan proved practical. 他的计划被证明符合实际。
4.3不定式在某些形容词之后,且与主语有动宾关系。常见形容词有:hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible等如:The box is heavy to carry.
4.4 need / want / require表需要, worth、deserve表值得等
eg 1: The door needs repairing. 这个门需要修理一下。
eg2: The story is worth listening to a second time. 这个故事值得再听一遍。
[注意] 某些动词(短语)没被动语态。例如:happen / break out / take place / run out / belong to等。
eg 1: The story happened in the 1980s. 故事发生在20世纪80年代。
eg 2: The fire broke out during the night. 大火是夜间发生的。
[1] 薄冰. 高级英语语法[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社出版, 2008.
一、一般现在时的特定情境
1.1在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。但要注意在由if引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”,但不表示将来时态。
eg: What will you do if it rains tomorrow? 如果明天下雨你们做什么?
1.2表示按时间表拟定或安排好要发生的动作,常用于这种情况的动词有:come,go,leave,arrive,fly,return,start,begin,open,close,end,stop等趋向动词。
eg: The flight takes off at 2∶30 tomorrow. 飞机明天2∶30起飞。
1.3在以here, there开头的句子里,go, come等少数动词的一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。
eg: There goes the bell. 铃响了。
二、现在完成时和一般过去时的特定情境
2.1现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响或结果,或说话时已完成的动作, 往往有already, yet, just等词或上下文提示,但不能与表示过去的时间状语连用;一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态,和现在关系不大,不强调对现在的影响。
eg: Look, he has already painted the wall. 瞧,他已刷了这堵墙.(强调效果)
eg: He painted the wall this morning. 他今天上午刷了这堵墙。(强调动作)
2.2短暂性动词(即瞬间动词)join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break out等等可以有完成时,但其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用;有表示一段时间的状语修饰时谓语动词也并不一定就用完成时。
eg: —You speak very good French!
—Thanks. I studied French in Sichuan University for four years.
2.3现在完成时可以表示从过去开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和for, since, so far, up to now, in the past / last few years等表述的一段时间的状语连用。
eg: The book has been translated into thirty languages since it came on the market in 1973.
2.4表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用 “have / has been to”,表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用 “have/has gone to”.
eg 1: —Where is Li Hua?
—He has gone to the reading-room.
eg 2: —She knows a lot about Shanghai.
—She has been there
2.5语境中的一般过去时,往往表示“在过去”之意,暗示现在已“不再这样”。
eg: Your phone number again?I didn’t quite catch it. 再说一遍你的电话号码好吗?我刚才没听见。
三、固定结构中的特定情境
3.1在“It be 一段时间 before从句”结构中,如果主句用将来时,则从句中用一般现在时表示将来时,意为“多久后会发生某事”; 如果主句用过去时,则从句也用过去时,意为“多久后发生了某事”。
eg: I developed very slowly and it took nearly two hundred years before I was built as an analytical machine by Charles Babbage. (before“……之后才……”)我发育缓慢,差不多到两百年后,查尔斯?巴比奇才把我制成了一台分析机。
(1) 若表达“还未……就……;……才……;还没来得及……就……”时,需用连词before。
eg1: He rushed out of the room before I told him the news. 我还没来得及告诉他消息,他就冲出了房间。
eg2: Please write it down before you forget it. 趁你现在没忘把它记下来。
(2) it will be + 一段时间 + before ... 多久之后才……。
eg: It will be half a year before I come back. 还得呆半年我才能回来。
(3) It won’t be / wasn’t long before ... 不久就……。
eg 1: It won’t be long before we meet again. 没多长时间我们就会又见面的。
eg 2: It wasn’t long before we got tired. 不久我们就累了。
3.2在“This / It is the first / second ... time that从句”结构中,that 从句中一般用现在完成时;如果把前面的is改为was,则that从句中多用过去完成时。 eg 1: This is the first time I have come here. 这是我第一次来这
eg 2: This was the first time that I had passed the exam. 那是我第一次考试及
3.3表示愿望、打算一类的词,例如:hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose等,其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
eg 1: I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. 我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
eg 2: I had meant to help you, but I was too busy then. 我本想帮你的,但当时确实太忙了。
3.4现在进行时表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作 ,往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪,常与always,continually,constantly连用。
eg: He is constantly making the same mistake. 他总是犯同样的错误。
3.5 Hardly / Scarcely / Barely had ... done ... when ...; No sooner had ... done ... than... when和than从句里用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时,且用倒装,从句总用一般过去时,表示“刚刚……就……”。
eg: Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down. 我刚到家,大雨就倾盆而下。
3.6 I didn’t know / recognize ..., I forgot ..., I thought ...等表示事先不知道 / 没认出或不记得,但现在已知道 / 认出或记得的事情。
eg: —I’ve got to go now.
—Must you? I thought you could stay for dinner with us. Ks5u
四、主动形式表示被动含义的特定情境
4.1表示主语的某种属性的词:read,write,act,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,look,shut等。
eg 1: The pen writes smoothly. 这只钢笔写起来流利
eg 2: This coat dries easily. 这种外衣容易干
4.2系动词look,feel,sound,smell,taste,seem,go,come,prove,turn,lie,sit,stand + 形容词 / 名词。
eg 1: Ice feels cold. 冰摸上去凉。
eg 2: His plan proved practical. 他的计划被证明符合实际。
4.3不定式在某些形容词之后,且与主语有动宾关系。常见形容词有:hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible等如:The box is heavy to carry.
4.4 need / want / require表需要, worth、deserve表值得等
eg 1: The door needs repairing. 这个门需要修理一下。
eg2: The story is worth listening to a second time. 这个故事值得再听一遍。
[注意] 某些动词(短语)没被动语态。例如:happen / break out / take place / run out / belong to等。
eg 1: The story happened in the 1980s. 故事发生在20世纪80年代。
eg 2: The fire broke out during the night. 大火是夜间发生的。
[1] 薄冰. 高级英语语法[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社出版, 2008.