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名词性从句既是高中语法教学的重点与难点,也是高考的热点。其考点主要分布在三个方面:引导词、语序和时态。分析2009各地高考题目,我们可以发现,名词性从句考查的热点是对其引导词的选择。现具体分析如下:
一、考点概述
在句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句,它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表词从句和同位语从句。例如:
1. Whether he will come here or not is unimportant to me. (主语从句)
2. I don’t know what he means. (宾语从句)
3. I’m glad that you are here. (宾语从句用在形容词之后)
4. The teacher is satisfied with what you have done. (介词宾语从句)
5. That was because he was ill. (表语从句)
6. The news that he got killed in the race surprised us all. (同位语从句)
引导名词性从句的连接词(见下表)
连接词词义功能
that无词义不作成分,只起连接作用
whether / if是否不作成分,只起连接作用
what, which什么,哪个作主语、宾语、表语
who, whom, whose谁,谁的作主语、宾语、定语
when, where, how, why什么时候 / 地方,怎么样,为什么作状语
how many / much多少作定语
续表
how soon / often / long / much多久,多久一次,多长,多么作状语
...……词义及功能同疑问词
whatever=anything that无论什么作主语、宾语、表语、定语
whoever=anyone who无论谁作主语
whomever=anyone whom无论谁作宾语
whosever=anyone whose无论谁的作定语
whichever=anyone that无论哪个作宾语、定语、主语、表语
二、热点分析:
热点一:that和what引导的名词性从句。引导名词性从句时,that没有词义,在从句中不做任何成分。当从句句意完整,不缺任何成分时,往往选用that;而what引导名词性从句时,意为“什么”(有时可不译),在从句中做主语、表语或宾语。
例1 The fact has worried many scientiststhe earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. (江西卷33)
A. whatB. whichC. thatD. though
解析:C。句意为:这些年来地球变得越来越温暖,这个事实让许多科学家很担心。这里的从句是同位语从句,用来补充说明the fact,从句中不缺少成分,故选that。
例2 Many young people in the West are expected to leavecould be life’s most important decision—marriage—almost entirely up to luck. (江苏卷34)
A. asB. thatC. whichD. what
解析:D。空格后面是宾语从句,做leave的宾语,宾语从句中缺少主语,故用what。
热点二:if与whether引导的名词性从句。If和whether引导名词性从句时,可表示“是否”之意。注意:if只能引导动词后的宾语从句,而whether可引导主语从句、宾语从句 (包括介词后的宾语从句)、表语从句和同位语从句。Whether…or…意为“无论……还是……”。
例3 At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to seeit got any better. (北京卷31)
A. whenB. howC. whyD. if
解析:D。这里考查宾语从句的引导词。句意为:起初他讨厌那份新工作,但决定给自己几个月的时间,看看它是否会变得好些。表“是否”,故用if。此处if可用whether来代替。
热点三:“疑问词”及“疑问词 + ever”引导的名词性从句。高考考查名词性从句时,选项中常会出现同一类型的引导词,做题时,应该根据它们的意思和从句所缺的成分进行选择 (具体参见上表) 。此外,要注意“疑问词”和“疑问词 + ever”的区别。“疑问词 + ever”都含有“无论……”之意,语气比疑问词本身强烈。
例4 The little girl who got lost decided to remainshe was and wait for her mother. (山东卷28)
A. whereB. whatC. howD. who
解析:A。句意为:那个迷路的小女孩决定呆在她所在的地方等着她妈妈。表语从句中缺地点状语,故用where。
例5 She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to doit takes to save her life. (湖南卷28)
A. whicheverB. howeverC. whateverD. whoever
解析:C。whichever意为“哪一个”,however意为“不管多么”,whatever意为“无论什么”,whoever意为“无论谁”。句意为:我们一起准备无论花什么代价都要挽救她的生命。故用whatever。
三、知识延伸
1.that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别。同位语从句中的连接词that只起连接作用,在从句中不充当任何句子成分,从句对前面的名词如news,fact,suggestion,truth,plan,belief,doubt,possibility,idea等进行解释说明;而定语从句中的关系代词that在从句中作主语或宾语,从句对前面的名词即先行词起修饰限定的作用。做题时,我们可以使用“先行词还原法”来检验是否是定语从句。如果可以把从句前的名词还原到从句中,那that引导的就是定语从句 (如果是限定型的,有时也可以用which来代替) ;如果不能,则that引导的是同位语从句,此处的that不能用which代替。
例6 News came from the school officeWang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.(四川卷7)
A. whichB. whatC. thatD. where
解析:C。我们先假设后面的从句是定语从句,但没有办法把news还原到从句中,这说明后面的从句为同位语从句,从句中不缺任何句子成分,句意完整,故选that。
2.“疑问词 + ever”与“no matter + 疑问词”的区别。它们都有“无论……”之意,但“疑问词 + ever”既可引导名词性从句,也可引导让步状语从句;而“no matter + 疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句,与主句之间常有逗号分开。
例7 The book can be of help towants to do the job.
A. whoB. whomever
C. no matter whoD. whoever
解析:D。句意为:那本书对于想要做这份工作的任何人都很有帮助。从句加在介词to之后,为宾语从句,且宾语从句缺主语,故用whoever。
3.名词性从句的语序。 名词性从句的语序为:连词 (+ 被修饰语) + 主语 + 谓语,即陈述语序。
例8 I have always been honest and straight-forward, and it doesn’t matterI’m talking to.
A. who is itB. who it is
C. it is whoD. it is whom
解析:B。考查名词性从句的语序:连词 (+ 被修饰语) +主语 + 谓语,故选B。
4.主从句时态的呼应。主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句的时态不受主句的限制,但宾语从句的时态一般要受主句的限制。主句是现在时态时,从句时态根据情况而定;主句是过去时态时,从句须用与过去相关的时态,除非宾语从句叙述的是真理、客观事实或谚语。
例9 The moment I got home, I found Imy jacket on the playground. ( 2008陕西卷)
A. had leftB. left
C. have leftD. was leaving
解析:A。I found后接宾语从句,由于主句动词使用了一般过去时,且宾语从句的动作发生在主句动作之前,应使用过去完成时。
四、即时巩固
1.the sports meet will be held the after tomorrow is not known yet.
A. WheneverB. If
C. WhetherD. That
2. It worried her a bither hair was turning grey.
A. whileB. thatC. ifD. for
3. Go and get your coat. It’syou left it.
A. thereB. where
C .there whereD. where there
4. The whole family were worried about Jane because no one was awareshe had gone.
A. that whereB. of the place which
C. of whatD. of where
5.he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.
A. WhatB. That
C. The factD. The matter
6.you have done might do harm to other people.
A. ThatB. WhatC. WhichD. This
7.leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. AnyoneB. The reason
C. WhoeverD. Who
8.caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. WhatB. ThatC. HowD. Where
9.has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. WhoB. The one
C. AnyoneD. Whoever
10. The question remainsthe Party can win the majority of the people.
A. thatB. ifC. whetherD. /
11. There was much certaintythe board of directors would agree to our various proposals for increasing sales.
A. whichB. whyC. /D. that
12. You can’t imaginewhen they received these nice Christmas presents.
A. how they were excited
B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they
D. they were excited
13. Sarah hopes to become a friend ofshares her interests.
A .anyoneB. whomever
C. whoeverD. no matter who
14. Can you make surethe gold ring?
A. where Alice had put
B. where had Alice put
C. where Alice has put
D. where has Alice put
15. No one can be surein a million years.
A. what man will look like
B. what will man look like
C. man will look like what
D. what look will man like
参考答案:1—5 CBBDA 6—10 BCADC
11—15 DBCCA
(作者:宋海燕,甘肃省临泽一中)
一、考点概述
在句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句,它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表词从句和同位语从句。例如:
1. Whether he will come here or not is unimportant to me. (主语从句)
2. I don’t know what he means. (宾语从句)
3. I’m glad that you are here. (宾语从句用在形容词之后)
4. The teacher is satisfied with what you have done. (介词宾语从句)
5. That was because he was ill. (表语从句)
6. The news that he got killed in the race surprised us all. (同位语从句)
引导名词性从句的连接词(见下表)
连接词词义功能
that无词义不作成分,只起连接作用
whether / if是否不作成分,只起连接作用
what, which什么,哪个作主语、宾语、表语
who, whom, whose谁,谁的作主语、宾语、定语
when, where, how, why什么时候 / 地方,怎么样,为什么作状语
how many / much多少作定语
续表
how soon / often / long / much多久,多久一次,多长,多么作状语
...……词义及功能同疑问词
whatever=anything that无论什么作主语、宾语、表语、定语
whoever=anyone who无论谁作主语
whomever=anyone whom无论谁作宾语
whosever=anyone whose无论谁的作定语
whichever=anyone that无论哪个作宾语、定语、主语、表语
二、热点分析:
热点一:that和what引导的名词性从句。引导名词性从句时,that没有词义,在从句中不做任何成分。当从句句意完整,不缺任何成分时,往往选用that;而what引导名词性从句时,意为“什么”(有时可不译),在从句中做主语、表语或宾语。
例1 The fact has worried many scientiststhe earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. (江西卷33)
A. whatB. whichC. thatD. though
解析:C。句意为:这些年来地球变得越来越温暖,这个事实让许多科学家很担心。这里的从句是同位语从句,用来补充说明the fact,从句中不缺少成分,故选that。
例2 Many young people in the West are expected to leavecould be life’s most important decision—marriage—almost entirely up to luck. (江苏卷34)
A. asB. thatC. whichD. what
解析:D。空格后面是宾语从句,做leave的宾语,宾语从句中缺少主语,故用what。
热点二:if与whether引导的名词性从句。If和whether引导名词性从句时,可表示“是否”之意。注意:if只能引导动词后的宾语从句,而whether可引导主语从句、宾语从句 (包括介词后的宾语从句)、表语从句和同位语从句。Whether…or…意为“无论……还是……”。
例3 At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to seeit got any better. (北京卷31)
A. whenB. howC. whyD. if
解析:D。这里考查宾语从句的引导词。句意为:起初他讨厌那份新工作,但决定给自己几个月的时间,看看它是否会变得好些。表“是否”,故用if。此处if可用whether来代替。
热点三:“疑问词”及“疑问词 + ever”引导的名词性从句。高考考查名词性从句时,选项中常会出现同一类型的引导词,做题时,应该根据它们的意思和从句所缺的成分进行选择 (具体参见上表) 。此外,要注意“疑问词”和“疑问词 + ever”的区别。“疑问词 + ever”都含有“无论……”之意,语气比疑问词本身强烈。
例4 The little girl who got lost decided to remainshe was and wait for her mother. (山东卷28)
A. whereB. whatC. howD. who
解析:A。句意为:那个迷路的小女孩决定呆在她所在的地方等着她妈妈。表语从句中缺地点状语,故用where。
例5 She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to doit takes to save her life. (湖南卷28)
A. whicheverB. howeverC. whateverD. whoever
解析:C。whichever意为“哪一个”,however意为“不管多么”,whatever意为“无论什么”,whoever意为“无论谁”。句意为:我们一起准备无论花什么代价都要挽救她的生命。故用whatever。
三、知识延伸
1.that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别。同位语从句中的连接词that只起连接作用,在从句中不充当任何句子成分,从句对前面的名词如news,fact,suggestion,truth,plan,belief,doubt,possibility,idea等进行解释说明;而定语从句中的关系代词that在从句中作主语或宾语,从句对前面的名词即先行词起修饰限定的作用。做题时,我们可以使用“先行词还原法”来检验是否是定语从句。如果可以把从句前的名词还原到从句中,那that引导的就是定语从句 (如果是限定型的,有时也可以用which来代替) ;如果不能,则that引导的是同位语从句,此处的that不能用which代替。
例6 News came from the school officeWang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.(四川卷7)
A. whichB. whatC. thatD. where
解析:C。我们先假设后面的从句是定语从句,但没有办法把news还原到从句中,这说明后面的从句为同位语从句,从句中不缺任何句子成分,句意完整,故选that。
2.“疑问词 + ever”与“no matter + 疑问词”的区别。它们都有“无论……”之意,但“疑问词 + ever”既可引导名词性从句,也可引导让步状语从句;而“no matter + 疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句,与主句之间常有逗号分开。
例7 The book can be of help towants to do the job.
A. whoB. whomever
C. no matter whoD. whoever
解析:D。句意为:那本书对于想要做这份工作的任何人都很有帮助。从句加在介词to之后,为宾语从句,且宾语从句缺主语,故用whoever。
3.名词性从句的语序。 名词性从句的语序为:连词 (+ 被修饰语) + 主语 + 谓语,即陈述语序。
例8 I have always been honest and straight-forward, and it doesn’t matterI’m talking to.
A. who is itB. who it is
C. it is whoD. it is whom
解析:B。考查名词性从句的语序:连词 (+ 被修饰语) +主语 + 谓语,故选B。
4.主从句时态的呼应。主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句的时态不受主句的限制,但宾语从句的时态一般要受主句的限制。主句是现在时态时,从句时态根据情况而定;主句是过去时态时,从句须用与过去相关的时态,除非宾语从句叙述的是真理、客观事实或谚语。
例9 The moment I got home, I found Imy jacket on the playground. ( 2008陕西卷)
A. had leftB. left
C. have leftD. was leaving
解析:A。I found后接宾语从句,由于主句动词使用了一般过去时,且宾语从句的动作发生在主句动作之前,应使用过去完成时。
四、即时巩固
1.the sports meet will be held the after tomorrow is not known yet.
A. WheneverB. If
C. WhetherD. That
2. It worried her a bither hair was turning grey.
A. whileB. thatC. ifD. for
3. Go and get your coat. It’syou left it.
A. thereB. where
C .there whereD. where there
4. The whole family were worried about Jane because no one was awareshe had gone.
A. that whereB. of the place which
C. of whatD. of where
5.he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.
A. WhatB. That
C. The factD. The matter
6.you have done might do harm to other people.
A. ThatB. WhatC. WhichD. This
7.leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. AnyoneB. The reason
C. WhoeverD. Who
8.caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. WhatB. ThatC. HowD. Where
9.has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. WhoB. The one
C. AnyoneD. Whoever
10. The question remainsthe Party can win the majority of the people.
A. thatB. ifC. whetherD. /
11. There was much certaintythe board of directors would agree to our various proposals for increasing sales.
A. whichB. whyC. /D. that
12. You can’t imaginewhen they received these nice Christmas presents.
A. how they were excited
B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they
D. they were excited
13. Sarah hopes to become a friend ofshares her interests.
A .anyoneB. whomever
C. whoeverD. no matter who
14. Can you make surethe gold ring?
A. where Alice had put
B. where had Alice put
C. where Alice has put
D. where has Alice put
15. No one can be surein a million years.
A. what man will look like
B. what will man look like
C. man will look like what
D. what look will man like
参考答案:1—5 CBBDA 6—10 BCADC
11—15 DBCCA
(作者:宋海燕,甘肃省临泽一中)