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经济学堂一、从三个方面分析和认识为什么要在中国进一步推行股份制1、通过股份制解决国有企业融资问题国有企业从改革开放以来,建设投资来源情况,可以分为三个阶段。从1978年到1986年,企业发展的主要资金来源仍是沿袭过去由国家财政拨款的做法。当时的所有改革,基本上都是靠财政拿钱。比如价格改革,我们从1983年开始由国家订价向市场订价过渡,在转轨过程中价格放开。生产资料涨价,企业受不了,由财政补贴;消费资料跟着也涨价,居民又受不了,还是由财政补贴。所以价格改革基本上是靠财政兜底完成的。在这段时间里,财政几次发挥了重大作用,但也给财政带来两大严重问题:一是财政赤字不断增加.成为赤字财政;二是财政成了吃饭财政,用于建设的钱越来越少。1987年起,我们搞了一项改革叫拨改贷,即企业由财政拨款改为向银行贷款。在这段时间里,银行发挥了重大作用。但是到了1994年,银行也出现了困难。所有的企业都向银行借贷,又给银行带来两个问题:一是银行的不良债务急剧增加,二是银行的自有资金占有率急剧下降。企业要发展,要继续寻找新的资金来源,只靠向
Economics Hall I. Analyze and understand why the joint-stock system is further promoted in China from three aspects. 1. Solve the financing problem of state-owned enterprises through joint-stock system Since the reform and opening up of state-owned enterprises, the construction of investment sources can be divided into three stages. From 1978 to 1986, the main source of funds for enterprise development was still to follow the past practice of national financial allocation. At that time, all reforms were basically financed by money. For example, in the price reform, we began the price transition from the national price to the market in 1983, and the price was released during the transition. The price increase of the means of production, enterprises can not stand, by financial subsidies; consumption data also followed prices, residents can not stand, or by financial subsidies. Therefore, the price reform is basically completed by relying on finances. During this period of time, finances have played a major role several times, but they have also brought two serious problems to the fiscal: First, the fiscal deficit has continued to increase. It has become a fiscal deficit; Second, finance has become a food finance, and the money used for construction has increased. The less you come. Since 1987, we have engaged in a reform called for a change in the loan, that is, the company has changed from a financial allocation to a bank loan. During this time, the bank played a major role. However, in 1994, the bank also experienced difficulties. All companies have borrowed from banks, which has brought two problems to banks: First, the bank’s bad debt has increased sharply, and second, the bank’s own share of funds has dropped dramatically. If the enterprise wants to develop, it must continue to search for new sources of funds, relying only on