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Abstract ［Objectives］ The study was conducted to explore application and popularization of Xindong No.48.
［Methods］ The characteristics, yields, quality, application range and use of Xindong No.48 were introduced and the cultivation technology was concluded.
［Results］ Xindong No.48 is bred with F1 of Xindong No.22/M844 as female parent and Shidong No.8 as male parent. It is a winter variety, which matures later. It has a plant height of about 76.46 cm, a thousand-seed weight at 50.63 g and a volume weight of kernel at 800.67 g/L. The optimum planting period for the northern Xinjiang wheat area is from September 15 to September 25. The basic seedlings should be controlled at 5.25-6.00 million per hectare.
［Conclusions］ Xindong No.48 is a winter wheat of high yield and resistant to leaf rust and powdery mildew. The variety was approved by Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Varieties Review Committee in 2015 and numbered as new-approved wheat No.2015 year 04. It proves that the variety can be planted in Xinjiang winter wheat growing areas of northern Xinjiang.
Key words Xindong No.48; Characteristics; Cultivation technology
Received: February 21, 2020Accepted: April 19, 2020
Supported by Shihezi Agricultural Science and Technology Research Projects (2016HZ10; 2018NY08).
Xia LIN (1987-), female, P. R. China, assistant researcher, devoted to research about breeding and supporting technology of new wheat varieties.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].
Xindong No.48 was bred with F1 of Xindong No.22/M844 as female parent and Shidong No.8 as male parent in 1999, provided by Shihezi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, adopting the combination of three-line hybrid mode configuration, using pedigree method of high-yield and high-resistance wheat variety. The variety was approved by Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Varieties Review Committee in 2015 and numbered as new-approved wheat No.2015 year 04.
Varity Characteristics
Agronomic characters
Xindong No.48 is wintered and needs 266 d at the whole growth period, and matures 3 d later than Xindong No.22. The young seedlings creep, and the plants have good wintering ability at seedling stage, strong tiller strength, dark green leaves, no wax powder, lower flat leaves at the jointing stage, and moderate plant type. After heading, the filling speed is fast, the leaves have a long function period and good quality for losing green color, and the ear layer is neat. The plant height is 76.46 cm and the stem is firm. The ears are spindle-shaped and have white shell, long awn, glabrous glume shell and no wax powder, and the spikelets are arranged sparsely. The ears are 11.04 cm in length, and the number of full spikelets is 18.22. The main ear has 42.49 grains, and the grain weight of the main ear is 2.28 g. The grains are oval, white, horny, and have good fullness, no black embryos, and medium to tight shattering habit. The 1 000-grain weight is 50.63 g, and the bulk density is 800.67 g/L. Xindong No.48 has high resistance to powdery mildew, medium resistance to leaf rust, medium susceptibility to stripe rust, strong lodging resistance, very good stability, high yield and strong adaptability. Quality
The quality of mixed samples was determined in 2014: crude protein (dry basis) 12.52%, wet gluten 28.2%, flour yield 64.4% , flour water absorption rate 57.6%, dough stability time 6.0 min, degree of softening of dough 80 FU, maximum tensile resistance of dough 359EU, stretching area 91.2 cm2, and extensibility 175 mm. Xindong No.48 is a medium-gluten wheat variety.
Disease resistance
In the 2014 production trial, Autonomous Region Seed Management Station commissioned plant protection experts from Shihezi University to identify the wheat variety. The wheat variety is moderately resistant to leaf rust and highly resistant to powdery mildew.
Yield characteristics
In the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 regional trials of the early-maturing group, Xindong No.48 showed average yields of 6 746.44 and 7 628 kg/hm2, respectively, which increased by 23% and 8.95% compared with Xindong No.22 as a control, respectively, ranking first and second among the test materials, respectively. The yield increased at all five sites in 2012-2013, and increased at four sites and decreased at one site in 2013-2014. The average yield of the two-year regional test was 7 187.25 kg/hm2, showing an increase of 15.2% compared with Xindong No.22, ranking first in the test materials. In the production test of the early-maturing group of Xinjiang Autonomous Region in 2014, the average yield of Xindong No.48 at such five pilot sites as Qitai , Tacheng, Shihezi, Anningqu and No.4 farming division was 6 559.5 kg/hm2, which was higher than that of Xindong No.22 by 11.68%, ranking third. And among the five sites, 4 sites showed an increased yield, and one site showed a decreased yield.
Technical Specification for Cultivation of Xindong No.48.
Preparation before planting
Before the sowing of Xindong No.48, farmland with a soil organic matter content over 1.5%, an alkali-decomposed nitrogen content over 50 mg/kg, an available phosphorus content over 18 mg/kg , low salinity and alkalinity, having medium to high soil fertility, planted with the same crop not exceeding 3 years, should be selected. Before sowing, the application of base fertilizer adopts full-layer fertilization. Before ploughing, fertilization was carried out with diammonium phosphate 300 kg/hm2 or urea 150 kg/hm2, triple superphosphate 180-225 kg/hm2, and potassium fertilizer 45-75 kg/hm2. After deep ploughing, the cutting, raking and leveling operations are carried out according to the soil moisture. The quality of the land preparation reaches the standard of "six characters (flush, flat, loose, fine, clean, moisture)", making the land being prepared (loose at the upper layer and compact at the lower layer) for later sowing. Standardized planting methods
Seed treatment
The seed coating should be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB 15671-2009 (germination rate≥83%, coating qualification rate≥93%, seed coating firmness≥99.81%). The seed dressing using agents should be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB 8321.2-2000. Pesticides and microbicides for seed dressing or seed coating agents should be selected according to local conditions to prevent and control underground pests, soil-borne and seed-borne diseases.
Sowing in an appropriate period
Sowing of wheat is generally appropriate when the average daily temperature in autumn falls steadily to 15-18 ℃. Xindong No.48 is a winter-type and early-maturing variety. The suitable sowing period in the wheat area of North Xinjiang is September 15-September 25.
Sowing at an appropriate rate
Xindong No.48 has general tillering ability, high 1 000-grain weight and strong lodging resistance. The seeding rate can be increased properly. For land planted in an appropriate period, the seeding rate can be suitable at 345-375 kg/hm2. The seeding rate should be increased by 7.5 kg/hm2 every day postponed for late sown wheat. The basic seedlings are controlled at 5.25-6.00 million plants per hectare.
Sowing quality
A precision and semi-precision seeders is used for seeding, and drip irrigation belts are laid together with seeding by digging shallow furrows and burying them in the soil with a depth of 2-3 cm. No re-sowing, no missed sowing, consistent sowing depth, correct and straight sowing line, strict coverage of soil and reliable compacting should be ensured.
Scientific management
Water and fertilizer coupling technology
Drip irrigation of wheat adopts dry sowing and wet germination measures, and the drip volume per hectare is generally 1 200-1 350 m3/hm2. For strip fields applied with no base fertilizer and seed fertilizer, 45-60 kg/hm2 of urea and 15-30 kg/hm2 of potassium ammonium phosphate are applied along with drip irrigation for germination. However, when the average daily temperature drops steadily to 1-3 ℃, the irrigation volume is 900-1 200 m3/hm2. Irrigation is properly postponed for vigorous seedlings, but performed in advance for weak seedlings with the application of 2.5% to 3.0% nitrogen fertilizer per hectare to promote the upgrade of weak seedlings. Before wheat jointing and at flag leaf stage-bearing, earing and flowering and grain filling stages, water should be dripped 6-7 times every 10-12 d, and the total irrigation volume is 5 400-6 000 m3/hm2. Irrigation is performed with less water before jointing, at 600-675 m3/hm2, and with more water after jointing-heading period, at 750-900 m3/hm2, and depending on the weather and the growth of the population after filling, irrigation should be carried out timely, at an appropriate amount, 525-675 m3/hm2. In case of strong wind, heavy rain and severe weather, the irrigation will be delayed to prevent lodging due to weather. Fertilization is performed with drip irrigation for 4-5 times. Fertilization adopts the principle of "eat less and eat more meals" to improve fertilizer use efficiency. The fertilization with the first drip irrigation in spring uses urea 180 kg/hm2 and potassium ammonium phosphate 45 kg/hm2 ; during the second drip irrigation, urea and potassium ammonium phosphate are applied at a rate of 120 and 30 kg/hm2, respectively; the fertilizers applied during the third drip irrigation are the same as those during the second drip irrigation, and the application rates are the same as well; and for the last two fertilizations, urea is applied at a rate of 30-45 kg/hm2 , and potassium dihydrogen phosphate or potassium sulfate is applied additionally at a rate of 30 kg/hm2, in order to prevent the harm of dry and hot air, increase the grain weight and improve quality. Chemical regulation and chemical control
Before jointing, 3.00-3.75 kg of cycocel is applied per hectare in mixture with 450-600 kg of water to the wheat field with a vigorous growth and more than 12 million stalks/hm2. For the fields with a too-large population and weak individuals, an additional application is performed before the flag leaves grow to one third of their lengths, to achieve the purpose of shortening internode length, reducing plant height, increasing stalk wall thickness and improving the resistance of wheat to lodging.
Timely prevention against disease, pest or weed damages and foliar fertilization
Disease control: For wheat areas where diseases often occur, the main choice is disease-resistant products, combined with seed dressing to prevent early. The smut is mainly prevented through seed dressing before sowing using Heteng (tebuconazole·thiram) suspended seed coating, or using carbendazim and pentachloronitrobenzene agent. Scab and snow mold are mainly prevented based on the selection of disease-resistant varieties, combined the use of pentachloronitrobenzene for seed treatment. Powdery mildew and rust are controlled by spraying with triadimefon at booting stage (before jointing), and re-spraying is required if rain occurs within 8 h.
Pest control: Foliar spray fertilization is performed once from the booting to the flowering stage by plane or machinery, using 3 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate+1.5 kg of urea+insecticide per hectare, which can prevent wheat thrips, extend the leaf function period, prevent dry and hot wind damage, reduce spikelet degeneration and increase grain weight.
Weeding: Attention should be paid to the control of weeds in wheat fields from the greening stage to the jointing stage. Dicotyledonous weeds are sprayed with tribenuron herbicides; and monocotyledonous weeds are controlled with mesosulfuron-methyl herbicides. When spraying, we should make sure that the herbicides are applied evenly without leakage. In the prevention and control, windless or leeward weather is required for spraying.
Harvesting at proper time
The winter wheat is harvested at the end of the wax ripeness period when the thousand-grain weight is the highest and its nutritional quality and grain quality are also optimal. The stems of the plants are all yellow but still flexible, the leaves are yellowish, and the color of the seeds is close to the luster of this variety. After the wheat is harvested, the drip irrigation belts and wheat straw should be collected, and the stubbles are removed. In addition, ploughing and sunning the earth which has been ploughed up should be carried out in time.
Agricultural Biotechnology2020
References
［1］ LIN JX, HONG XM, ZHANG B. High resistance to pour new winter wheat varieties—Xindong No.48［J］. Jouranal of Triticeae Crops, 2017, 37(9): Inside front cover.
［2］ LIN JX, HONG XM. Analysis of adaptability with high and yield of new wheat variety Xindong No.48 by high stability coefficient method［J］. Seed, 2016, 7(35): 88-91.
［3］ TONG M. Characteristics and high-yielding cultivation technology of Huainmai No.29［J］. Agricultural Science & Technology, 2015, 16(1): 31-34.
Editor: Yingzhi GUANGProofreader: Xinxiu ZHU
［Methods］ The characteristics, yields, quality, application range and use of Xindong No.48 were introduced and the cultivation technology was concluded.
［Results］ Xindong No.48 is bred with F1 of Xindong No.22/M844 as female parent and Shidong No.8 as male parent. It is a winter variety, which matures later. It has a plant height of about 76.46 cm, a thousand-seed weight at 50.63 g and a volume weight of kernel at 800.67 g/L. The optimum planting period for the northern Xinjiang wheat area is from September 15 to September 25. The basic seedlings should be controlled at 5.25-6.00 million per hectare.
［Conclusions］ Xindong No.48 is a winter wheat of high yield and resistant to leaf rust and powdery mildew. The variety was approved by Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Varieties Review Committee in 2015 and numbered as new-approved wheat No.2015 year 04. It proves that the variety can be planted in Xinjiang winter wheat growing areas of northern Xinjiang.
Key words Xindong No.48; Characteristics; Cultivation technology
Received: February 21, 2020Accepted: April 19, 2020
Supported by Shihezi Agricultural Science and Technology Research Projects (2016HZ10; 2018NY08).
Xia LIN (1987-), female, P. R. China, assistant researcher, devoted to research about breeding and supporting technology of new wheat varieties.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].
Xindong No.48 was bred with F1 of Xindong No.22/M844 as female parent and Shidong No.8 as male parent in 1999, provided by Shihezi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, adopting the combination of three-line hybrid mode configuration, using pedigree method of high-yield and high-resistance wheat variety. The variety was approved by Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Varieties Review Committee in 2015 and numbered as new-approved wheat No.2015 year 04.
Varity Characteristics
Agronomic characters
Xindong No.48 is wintered and needs 266 d at the whole growth period, and matures 3 d later than Xindong No.22. The young seedlings creep, and the plants have good wintering ability at seedling stage, strong tiller strength, dark green leaves, no wax powder, lower flat leaves at the jointing stage, and moderate plant type. After heading, the filling speed is fast, the leaves have a long function period and good quality for losing green color, and the ear layer is neat. The plant height is 76.46 cm and the stem is firm. The ears are spindle-shaped and have white shell, long awn, glabrous glume shell and no wax powder, and the spikelets are arranged sparsely. The ears are 11.04 cm in length, and the number of full spikelets is 18.22. The main ear has 42.49 grains, and the grain weight of the main ear is 2.28 g. The grains are oval, white, horny, and have good fullness, no black embryos, and medium to tight shattering habit. The 1 000-grain weight is 50.63 g, and the bulk density is 800.67 g/L. Xindong No.48 has high resistance to powdery mildew, medium resistance to leaf rust, medium susceptibility to stripe rust, strong lodging resistance, very good stability, high yield and strong adaptability. Quality
The quality of mixed samples was determined in 2014: crude protein (dry basis) 12.52%, wet gluten 28.2%, flour yield 64.4% , flour water absorption rate 57.6%, dough stability time 6.0 min, degree of softening of dough 80 FU, maximum tensile resistance of dough 359EU, stretching area 91.2 cm2, and extensibility 175 mm. Xindong No.48 is a medium-gluten wheat variety.
Disease resistance
In the 2014 production trial, Autonomous Region Seed Management Station commissioned plant protection experts from Shihezi University to identify the wheat variety. The wheat variety is moderately resistant to leaf rust and highly resistant to powdery mildew.
Yield characteristics
In the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 regional trials of the early-maturing group, Xindong No.48 showed average yields of 6 746.44 and 7 628 kg/hm2, respectively, which increased by 23% and 8.95% compared with Xindong No.22 as a control, respectively, ranking first and second among the test materials, respectively. The yield increased at all five sites in 2012-2013, and increased at four sites and decreased at one site in 2013-2014. The average yield of the two-year regional test was 7 187.25 kg/hm2, showing an increase of 15.2% compared with Xindong No.22, ranking first in the test materials. In the production test of the early-maturing group of Xinjiang Autonomous Region in 2014, the average yield of Xindong No.48 at such five pilot sites as Qitai , Tacheng, Shihezi, Anningqu and No.4 farming division was 6 559.5 kg/hm2, which was higher than that of Xindong No.22 by 11.68%, ranking third. And among the five sites, 4 sites showed an increased yield, and one site showed a decreased yield.
Technical Specification for Cultivation of Xindong No.48.
Preparation before planting
Before the sowing of Xindong No.48, farmland with a soil organic matter content over 1.5%, an alkali-decomposed nitrogen content over 50 mg/kg, an available phosphorus content over 18 mg/kg , low salinity and alkalinity, having medium to high soil fertility, planted with the same crop not exceeding 3 years, should be selected. Before sowing, the application of base fertilizer adopts full-layer fertilization. Before ploughing, fertilization was carried out with diammonium phosphate 300 kg/hm2 or urea 150 kg/hm2, triple superphosphate 180-225 kg/hm2, and potassium fertilizer 45-75 kg/hm2. After deep ploughing, the cutting, raking and leveling operations are carried out according to the soil moisture. The quality of the land preparation reaches the standard of "six characters (flush, flat, loose, fine, clean, moisture)", making the land being prepared (loose at the upper layer and compact at the lower layer) for later sowing. Standardized planting methods
Seed treatment
The seed coating should be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB 15671-2009 (germination rate≥83%, coating qualification rate≥93%, seed coating firmness≥99.81%). The seed dressing using agents should be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB 8321.2-2000. Pesticides and microbicides for seed dressing or seed coating agents should be selected according to local conditions to prevent and control underground pests, soil-borne and seed-borne diseases.
Sowing in an appropriate period
Sowing of wheat is generally appropriate when the average daily temperature in autumn falls steadily to 15-18 ℃. Xindong No.48 is a winter-type and early-maturing variety. The suitable sowing period in the wheat area of North Xinjiang is September 15-September 25.
Sowing at an appropriate rate
Xindong No.48 has general tillering ability, high 1 000-grain weight and strong lodging resistance. The seeding rate can be increased properly. For land planted in an appropriate period, the seeding rate can be suitable at 345-375 kg/hm2. The seeding rate should be increased by 7.5 kg/hm2 every day postponed for late sown wheat. The basic seedlings are controlled at 5.25-6.00 million plants per hectare.
Sowing quality
A precision and semi-precision seeders is used for seeding, and drip irrigation belts are laid together with seeding by digging shallow furrows and burying them in the soil with a depth of 2-3 cm. No re-sowing, no missed sowing, consistent sowing depth, correct and straight sowing line, strict coverage of soil and reliable compacting should be ensured.
Scientific management
Water and fertilizer coupling technology
Drip irrigation of wheat adopts dry sowing and wet germination measures, and the drip volume per hectare is generally 1 200-1 350 m3/hm2. For strip fields applied with no base fertilizer and seed fertilizer, 45-60 kg/hm2 of urea and 15-30 kg/hm2 of potassium ammonium phosphate are applied along with drip irrigation for germination. However, when the average daily temperature drops steadily to 1-3 ℃, the irrigation volume is 900-1 200 m3/hm2. Irrigation is properly postponed for vigorous seedlings, but performed in advance for weak seedlings with the application of 2.5% to 3.0% nitrogen fertilizer per hectare to promote the upgrade of weak seedlings. Before wheat jointing and at flag leaf stage-bearing, earing and flowering and grain filling stages, water should be dripped 6-7 times every 10-12 d, and the total irrigation volume is 5 400-6 000 m3/hm2. Irrigation is performed with less water before jointing, at 600-675 m3/hm2, and with more water after jointing-heading period, at 750-900 m3/hm2, and depending on the weather and the growth of the population after filling, irrigation should be carried out timely, at an appropriate amount, 525-675 m3/hm2. In case of strong wind, heavy rain and severe weather, the irrigation will be delayed to prevent lodging due to weather. Fertilization is performed with drip irrigation for 4-5 times. Fertilization adopts the principle of "eat less and eat more meals" to improve fertilizer use efficiency. The fertilization with the first drip irrigation in spring uses urea 180 kg/hm2 and potassium ammonium phosphate 45 kg/hm2 ; during the second drip irrigation, urea and potassium ammonium phosphate are applied at a rate of 120 and 30 kg/hm2, respectively; the fertilizers applied during the third drip irrigation are the same as those during the second drip irrigation, and the application rates are the same as well; and for the last two fertilizations, urea is applied at a rate of 30-45 kg/hm2 , and potassium dihydrogen phosphate or potassium sulfate is applied additionally at a rate of 30 kg/hm2, in order to prevent the harm of dry and hot air, increase the grain weight and improve quality. Chemical regulation and chemical control
Before jointing, 3.00-3.75 kg of cycocel is applied per hectare in mixture with 450-600 kg of water to the wheat field with a vigorous growth and more than 12 million stalks/hm2. For the fields with a too-large population and weak individuals, an additional application is performed before the flag leaves grow to one third of their lengths, to achieve the purpose of shortening internode length, reducing plant height, increasing stalk wall thickness and improving the resistance of wheat to lodging.
Timely prevention against disease, pest or weed damages and foliar fertilization
Disease control: For wheat areas where diseases often occur, the main choice is disease-resistant products, combined with seed dressing to prevent early. The smut is mainly prevented through seed dressing before sowing using Heteng (tebuconazole·thiram) suspended seed coating, or using carbendazim and pentachloronitrobenzene agent. Scab and snow mold are mainly prevented based on the selection of disease-resistant varieties, combined the use of pentachloronitrobenzene for seed treatment. Powdery mildew and rust are controlled by spraying with triadimefon at booting stage (before jointing), and re-spraying is required if rain occurs within 8 h.
Pest control: Foliar spray fertilization is performed once from the booting to the flowering stage by plane or machinery, using 3 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate+1.5 kg of urea+insecticide per hectare, which can prevent wheat thrips, extend the leaf function period, prevent dry and hot wind damage, reduce spikelet degeneration and increase grain weight.
Weeding: Attention should be paid to the control of weeds in wheat fields from the greening stage to the jointing stage. Dicotyledonous weeds are sprayed with tribenuron herbicides; and monocotyledonous weeds are controlled with mesosulfuron-methyl herbicides. When spraying, we should make sure that the herbicides are applied evenly without leakage. In the prevention and control, windless or leeward weather is required for spraying.
Harvesting at proper time
The winter wheat is harvested at the end of the wax ripeness period when the thousand-grain weight is the highest and its nutritional quality and grain quality are also optimal. The stems of the plants are all yellow but still flexible, the leaves are yellowish, and the color of the seeds is close to the luster of this variety. After the wheat is harvested, the drip irrigation belts and wheat straw should be collected, and the stubbles are removed. In addition, ploughing and sunning the earth which has been ploughed up should be carried out in time.
Agricultural Biotechnology2020
References
［1］ LIN JX, HONG XM, ZHANG B. High resistance to pour new winter wheat varieties—Xindong No.48［J］. Jouranal of Triticeae Crops, 2017, 37(9): Inside front cover.
［2］ LIN JX, HONG XM. Analysis of adaptability with high and yield of new wheat variety Xindong No.48 by high stability coefficient method［J］. Seed, 2016, 7(35): 88-91.
［3］ TONG M. Characteristics and high-yielding cultivation technology of Huainmai No.29［J］. Agricultural Science & Technology, 2015, 16(1): 31-34.
Editor: Yingzhi GUANGProofreader: Xinxiu ZHU