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文化部公布了第三批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，浙江洞头“海洋动物故事”名列其中。海洋动物故事是以海洋动物为主人公的民间故事。动物的拟人化，动物之间关系的社会化，是这类故事的主要特点。它是海洋文化的一朵奇葩，是渔区人民群众在生产、生活实践中的集体创作，长期以来以口耳相传的方式流传。浙江是沿海各省这类故事传播的重点省份。
洞头县的民间文学工作者，深入渔村、船头采风，先后采录了海洋动物故事200多篇，名列全省各县前茅。
从海港船舱挖掘的民间珍宝
洞头县对海洋动物故事的采录，最早可追溯到上世纪50年代。不过，只有《虾子做媒》等少数几篇。
1980年到1986年，洞头县连续7年组织了20余次采风活动，重点搜集海洋动物故事；2004年至2008年开展非物质文化遗产普查，洞头县发掘出大批海洋动物故事。
洞头县善于讲海洋动物故事的，大多是船老大。原北沙乡东沙村的船老大陈懿琛，生于1904年，未入学，十多岁便下船当水手。他虽不识字，却心灵手巧，会扎鱼灯、踩高跷、刻木模印。他记性特好，过耳不忘。四五十年的渔船生涯，他从水手成长为船老大，同时也成为故事能手，能讲述近百篇故事、民谣和民间谜语，其中，海洋动物故事20多篇，代表性作品有：《猴子吊鳄鱼》《黄鱼和竹护》《想吃海鸥的鲨鱼》等。船老大许楚义，1937年出生，是有名的党员船老大。他未上过学，但善于讲故事。代表性作品有《鲸鱼和墨鱼》《海虱子为什么光秃秃》《黄鱼穿金袍》等，其中《鲸鱼和墨鱼》获浙江省民间文学作品奖，他是浙江省“非遗”项目代表性传承人。
洞头县发掘整理出大批海洋动物故事的现象，受到民间文学界的高度关注。中国民间文艺家协会、中国社科院文研所纷纷来信，称赞这类故事“很有特色”，“为我国民间故事开辟了新的领域，令读者耳目一新”，“对于民间故事研究极为珍贵”。
全国十多家刊物选登了洞头海洋动物故事，福建人民出版社、浙江少儿出版社分别出版了洞头海洋动物故事专集《海洋动物故事》和《虾兵蟹将的故事》；浙江人民出版社出版的《东海鱼类故事》，收入洞头海洋动物故事数量为各地之冠。
洞头县30年的发掘成果丰硕。2009年5月，近20万字的《洞头海洋动物故事集》在上海出版。这是迄今为止收录最为完整的洞头海洋动物故事集子，全面展现了这类故事的风采。
虾兵蟹将会说话
洞头海洋动物故事的主人公，涉及鱼虾龟鳖螺贝，几乎遍及洞头渔场常见的海洋动物；故事的情节构思奇特，恰到好处地解释了海洋动物生理特征、生活习性的由来，曲折地反映了复杂的社会现象，鲜明地表露了自己的思想感情，显现了海岛群众的生存智慧和审美观念。
虾兵蟹将的故事，从内容上看有这几种类型。
溯源型。这类故事，追溯的是鱼类整体习性形成的原由。如《鱼为什么没有脚》，说鱼原来和熊、马一样，也有四只脚，在陆地上生活。(鱼的繁体字下面是四点，和熊、马的四点一样，表示有四只脚)当时天地初开，天和地相隔的距离太近，没法过日子。女娲想用动物的四只脚，竖在东南西北四个角，把天顶高起来。别的动物都舍不得，只有鱼把脚献了出来。把天顶高以后，女娲将鱼放入水中，让它生活得更自在。类似的还有《产卵的鱼和产子的鱼》等。
解释型。这类故事，是对某种海洋动物生理特点和生活习性形成原因的讲述。如《鳓鱼骨头为什么多》，说鳓鱼过去本来无骨无鳞，常受小鱼小虾欺负。它向海龙王哭诉，请求帮忙，海龙王下令海中百鱼各送鳓鱼一根骨头。鱼虾们碍于龙威，很不情愿地送了，随意地横一根竖一根插了上去。所以，现在的鳓鱼骨头不但多，而且很杂乱。
寓意型。通过海洋动物之间的纠葛或海洋动物和其他动物的关系，阐发某个道理，嘲讽某种社会现象。如《猴子吊鳄鱼》，说鳄鱼闯入猴子们聚集的河湾，伪装成礁石吞吃小猴子。猴王识破诡计，团结众猴子把鳄鱼吊在树枝上，狠狠地教训了它，赞颂弱小者凭团结和智慧战胜强暴者。
解释型。这类故事，解释海洋动物生活习性或生理特征形成的原因，又内含教训。如《鲸鱼和墨鱼》，讲鲸鱼在海中横行霸道，墨鱼不示弱，喷着墨汁迷惑鲸鱼，还跳上它的头颈狠劲吸，吸出了一个洞，逼得它认输。这以后，鲸鱼便经常要从这个洞里喷出海水。故事既幻想性地解释了鲸鱼喷水习性的由来，又道出了不畏强势必定胜利的道理。这种类型的故事较为多见。
洞头海洋动物故事直到当今，仍有着多种作用。
洞头海洋动物故事充分显现了洞头渔区群众的集体智慧。倾听、阅读这类故事，让人深切地认识到：广大渔区群众从事海上生产，他们的聪明才智，通过口头文学的创造、传播，得到了最充分的显示。
故事对海洋动物生活习性的讲述，对后人起着形象地进行海洋知识和艺术地传授生产技术的教科书式的作用。《老鲻鱼传艺》，讲百岁鱼王向众鱼传授逃生绝招，其他的鱼认真听讲，学得了真本领。鲳鱼、鳓鱼喝醉了酒昏昏沉沉的，听了上句没听下句，结果，鲳鱼只学会往前冲，鳓鱼只知道要往后退。渔民们现在用流刺网作业捕捞鲳鱼、鳓鱼，利用的就是它俩这一习性。原本很枯燥的生产知识，用故事这么一讲，生动形象，更容易掌握。
洞头海洋动物故事中寓意型和寓意兼解释型的故事，集中表现了渔区人民是非观、审美观，也是渔区人民自我约束、教育后代的道德读本，直到今天仍有现实教育意义。
传承中的合力保护
洞头海洋动物故事的蕴藏量如此丰富，与洞头的历史人文优势和自然地理环境密切相关。洞头列岛的移民，分别来自闽南及温州的周边县，其民情风俗也都保留了原住地的特色。在洞头诸岛，闽南文化和东瓯文化既各自独立又相互兼容。
洞头由168个岛屿组成，有多达331公里的海岸线；洞头渔场总面积4810平方公里，是浙江的第二大渔场，渔汛时曾汇集了江苏、上海、浙江、福建、广东的大批渔船，文化的交流十分频繁。洞头的渔民按不同季节走南闯北找渔场、找市场。长距离、高密度的沟通，既是生产技术的交流，也是地域文化的渗透和影响。
渔民长年累月在海上生产，活动的空间局限在船舱，空闲时间“话匣子”打开，“三句不离本行”，他们对鱼虾的生活习性最了解，你一言我一语的，最初的海洋动物故事，便在船舱、补网场、酒铺里产生，以后经过不断筛选、补充，日趋完善、精彩。
在海岛旅游休闲业持续升温的情势下，海洋动物故事已融入景区导游词中，每个导游都能讲述几则代表性作品，结合餐饮，为游客介绍；酒店、大排档还推出从故事中衍生出来的特色菜肴，让游客在赏景、游玩、品菜中体验海洋文化。
Fish Tales on National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage
By Qiu Guoying
Fish tales from Dongtou, a county of 168 islands in southern Zhejiang Province, have been recently inscribed as a national intangible cultural heritage by the State Council. The 4,810-square-kilometer fishing ground around Dongtou is the second largest fishing ground in the province and attracts fishing boats from neighboring provinces in the fishing season. It is only natural that local fishermen have a lot of stories to tell about the wildlife in the sea.
Most of these fable-styled stories come from captains of fishing boats but they are actually tales created and enriched by collective wisdom over time. These stories get born when fishermen sit down and chat over a cup of wine. Good stories get circulated and good ideas spread and grow.
These stories entertain fishermen on the sea when they are away from home; they also combine to serve as a small verbal encyclopedia on the most common fish species in the sea around Dongtou; and they serve as moral teachings so that listeners can learn how to behave themselves honestly. In many tales, sea creatures live and speak like human beings. Some stories even get associated with the ancient Chinese legends about the origin of the world. One tale explains why fishes have no feet: the Chinese character 魚 in its traditional form has four legs just like land animals. When Nu Wa creates the universe, she finds the sky is so low and close to the sea, she asks animals to give their legs so that she can prop the sky up. Fish contributes four legs and the goddess makes the sky stand on the fish legs. As a reward, the goddess puts the legless fish to enjoy greater freedom in the sea. It is a wonder how illiterate fishermen in Dongtou first noticed the odd puzzle the Chinese character presents and how they took it upon themselves to explain what happened in the genesis. The existence of the tale gives readers and listeners a peep into the life of these fishermen. While they are not working, they now and then wonder about the origin of a lot of things and try to crack puzzles existing in Chinese culture in their own way.
In the early 1980s, the county cultural authorities in Dongtou took action after realizing the significance of the fish folklore popular with local fishermen. For seven consecutive years from 1980 to 1986, the county cultural authorities organized more than 20 field studies to collect folk stories. From 2004 to 2008, the cultural authorities conducted a large-scale survey on intangible cultural heritage across its 186 islands and a lot of fish stories surfaced.
Many fishing boats captains in Dongtou are impressive storytellers. Chen Yishen (1904-1988) was a great storyteller. He never spent a day in school, but he grew up to be a versatile craftsman with a photographic memory. He could tell more than 20 stories concerning fishes in addition to 80 plus ballads and riddles. In the last years of his life, he was a member of Culture Study Panel of Dongtou County. Also a captain who never went to school, Xu Chuyi (born in 1937) is an equally impressive storyteller. One of his folk stories won a folk literature prize for the 1979-1982 period.
The folk stories discovered by cultural authorities have attracted the nationwide attention. Collections of the Dongtou folklore have been published. In May 2009, a complete collection of folk stories on ocean wildlife from Dongtou was published in Shanghai. The 200,000-word stories present a complete picture of fishermen’s wild imagination and reflect what catch their attention and what entertain them. Experts and the general public are equally amazed by these fresh tales.
The folk stories of Dongtou reflect local lifestyles. The present residents in Dongtou islands consist of two large groups. One group are the people from the southern Fujian Province and the other from neighboring counties of Wenzhou. The Wenzhou dialect and southern Fujian dialect have coexisted on the islands for nearly three hundred years. The two dialects represent two different regional cultures. They flourish side by side and they get merged to some degree.
Nowadays, the stories have also become cultural assets that promote the regional tourism across Dongtou. Tour guides in Dongtou never hesitate to relate the best of these stories to tourists.
洞头县的民间文学工作者，深入渔村、船头采风，先后采录了海洋动物故事200多篇，名列全省各县前茅。
从海港船舱挖掘的民间珍宝
洞头县对海洋动物故事的采录，最早可追溯到上世纪50年代。不过，只有《虾子做媒》等少数几篇。
1980年到1986年，洞头县连续7年组织了20余次采风活动，重点搜集海洋动物故事；2004年至2008年开展非物质文化遗产普查，洞头县发掘出大批海洋动物故事。
洞头县善于讲海洋动物故事的，大多是船老大。原北沙乡东沙村的船老大陈懿琛，生于1904年，未入学，十多岁便下船当水手。他虽不识字，却心灵手巧，会扎鱼灯、踩高跷、刻木模印。他记性特好，过耳不忘。四五十年的渔船生涯，他从水手成长为船老大，同时也成为故事能手，能讲述近百篇故事、民谣和民间谜语，其中，海洋动物故事20多篇，代表性作品有：《猴子吊鳄鱼》《黄鱼和竹护》《想吃海鸥的鲨鱼》等。船老大许楚义，1937年出生，是有名的党员船老大。他未上过学，但善于讲故事。代表性作品有《鲸鱼和墨鱼》《海虱子为什么光秃秃》《黄鱼穿金袍》等，其中《鲸鱼和墨鱼》获浙江省民间文学作品奖，他是浙江省“非遗”项目代表性传承人。
洞头县发掘整理出大批海洋动物故事的现象，受到民间文学界的高度关注。中国民间文艺家协会、中国社科院文研所纷纷来信，称赞这类故事“很有特色”，“为我国民间故事开辟了新的领域，令读者耳目一新”，“对于民间故事研究极为珍贵”。
全国十多家刊物选登了洞头海洋动物故事，福建人民出版社、浙江少儿出版社分别出版了洞头海洋动物故事专集《海洋动物故事》和《虾兵蟹将的故事》；浙江人民出版社出版的《东海鱼类故事》，收入洞头海洋动物故事数量为各地之冠。
洞头县30年的发掘成果丰硕。2009年5月，近20万字的《洞头海洋动物故事集》在上海出版。这是迄今为止收录最为完整的洞头海洋动物故事集子，全面展现了这类故事的风采。
虾兵蟹将会说话
洞头海洋动物故事的主人公，涉及鱼虾龟鳖螺贝，几乎遍及洞头渔场常见的海洋动物；故事的情节构思奇特，恰到好处地解释了海洋动物生理特征、生活习性的由来，曲折地反映了复杂的社会现象，鲜明地表露了自己的思想感情，显现了海岛群众的生存智慧和审美观念。
虾兵蟹将的故事，从内容上看有这几种类型。
溯源型。这类故事，追溯的是鱼类整体习性形成的原由。如《鱼为什么没有脚》，说鱼原来和熊、马一样，也有四只脚，在陆地上生活。(鱼的繁体字下面是四点，和熊、马的四点一样，表示有四只脚)当时天地初开，天和地相隔的距离太近，没法过日子。女娲想用动物的四只脚，竖在东南西北四个角，把天顶高起来。别的动物都舍不得，只有鱼把脚献了出来。把天顶高以后，女娲将鱼放入水中，让它生活得更自在。类似的还有《产卵的鱼和产子的鱼》等。
解释型。这类故事，是对某种海洋动物生理特点和生活习性形成原因的讲述。如《鳓鱼骨头为什么多》，说鳓鱼过去本来无骨无鳞，常受小鱼小虾欺负。它向海龙王哭诉，请求帮忙，海龙王下令海中百鱼各送鳓鱼一根骨头。鱼虾们碍于龙威，很不情愿地送了，随意地横一根竖一根插了上去。所以，现在的鳓鱼骨头不但多，而且很杂乱。
寓意型。通过海洋动物之间的纠葛或海洋动物和其他动物的关系，阐发某个道理，嘲讽某种社会现象。如《猴子吊鳄鱼》，说鳄鱼闯入猴子们聚集的河湾，伪装成礁石吞吃小猴子。猴王识破诡计，团结众猴子把鳄鱼吊在树枝上，狠狠地教训了它，赞颂弱小者凭团结和智慧战胜强暴者。
解释型。这类故事，解释海洋动物生活习性或生理特征形成的原因，又内含教训。如《鲸鱼和墨鱼》，讲鲸鱼在海中横行霸道，墨鱼不示弱，喷着墨汁迷惑鲸鱼，还跳上它的头颈狠劲吸，吸出了一个洞，逼得它认输。这以后，鲸鱼便经常要从这个洞里喷出海水。故事既幻想性地解释了鲸鱼喷水习性的由来，又道出了不畏强势必定胜利的道理。这种类型的故事较为多见。
洞头海洋动物故事直到当今，仍有着多种作用。
洞头海洋动物故事充分显现了洞头渔区群众的集体智慧。倾听、阅读这类故事，让人深切地认识到：广大渔区群众从事海上生产，他们的聪明才智，通过口头文学的创造、传播，得到了最充分的显示。
故事对海洋动物生活习性的讲述，对后人起着形象地进行海洋知识和艺术地传授生产技术的教科书式的作用。《老鲻鱼传艺》，讲百岁鱼王向众鱼传授逃生绝招，其他的鱼认真听讲，学得了真本领。鲳鱼、鳓鱼喝醉了酒昏昏沉沉的，听了上句没听下句，结果，鲳鱼只学会往前冲，鳓鱼只知道要往后退。渔民们现在用流刺网作业捕捞鲳鱼、鳓鱼，利用的就是它俩这一习性。原本很枯燥的生产知识，用故事这么一讲，生动形象，更容易掌握。
洞头海洋动物故事中寓意型和寓意兼解释型的故事，集中表现了渔区人民是非观、审美观，也是渔区人民自我约束、教育后代的道德读本，直到今天仍有现实教育意义。
传承中的合力保护
洞头海洋动物故事的蕴藏量如此丰富，与洞头的历史人文优势和自然地理环境密切相关。洞头列岛的移民，分别来自闽南及温州的周边县，其民情风俗也都保留了原住地的特色。在洞头诸岛，闽南文化和东瓯文化既各自独立又相互兼容。
洞头由168个岛屿组成，有多达331公里的海岸线；洞头渔场总面积4810平方公里，是浙江的第二大渔场，渔汛时曾汇集了江苏、上海、浙江、福建、广东的大批渔船，文化的交流十分频繁。洞头的渔民按不同季节走南闯北找渔场、找市场。长距离、高密度的沟通，既是生产技术的交流，也是地域文化的渗透和影响。
渔民长年累月在海上生产，活动的空间局限在船舱，空闲时间“话匣子”打开，“三句不离本行”，他们对鱼虾的生活习性最了解，你一言我一语的，最初的海洋动物故事，便在船舱、补网场、酒铺里产生，以后经过不断筛选、补充，日趋完善、精彩。
在海岛旅游休闲业持续升温的情势下，海洋动物故事已融入景区导游词中，每个导游都能讲述几则代表性作品，结合餐饮，为游客介绍；酒店、大排档还推出从故事中衍生出来的特色菜肴，让游客在赏景、游玩、品菜中体验海洋文化。
Fish Tales on National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage
By Qiu Guoying
Fish tales from Dongtou, a county of 168 islands in southern Zhejiang Province, have been recently inscribed as a national intangible cultural heritage by the State Council. The 4,810-square-kilometer fishing ground around Dongtou is the second largest fishing ground in the province and attracts fishing boats from neighboring provinces in the fishing season. It is only natural that local fishermen have a lot of stories to tell about the wildlife in the sea.
Most of these fable-styled stories come from captains of fishing boats but they are actually tales created and enriched by collective wisdom over time. These stories get born when fishermen sit down and chat over a cup of wine. Good stories get circulated and good ideas spread and grow.
These stories entertain fishermen on the sea when they are away from home; they also combine to serve as a small verbal encyclopedia on the most common fish species in the sea around Dongtou; and they serve as moral teachings so that listeners can learn how to behave themselves honestly. In many tales, sea creatures live and speak like human beings. Some stories even get associated with the ancient Chinese legends about the origin of the world. One tale explains why fishes have no feet: the Chinese character 魚 in its traditional form has four legs just like land animals. When Nu Wa creates the universe, she finds the sky is so low and close to the sea, she asks animals to give their legs so that she can prop the sky up. Fish contributes four legs and the goddess makes the sky stand on the fish legs. As a reward, the goddess puts the legless fish to enjoy greater freedom in the sea. It is a wonder how illiterate fishermen in Dongtou first noticed the odd puzzle the Chinese character presents and how they took it upon themselves to explain what happened in the genesis. The existence of the tale gives readers and listeners a peep into the life of these fishermen. While they are not working, they now and then wonder about the origin of a lot of things and try to crack puzzles existing in Chinese culture in their own way.
In the early 1980s, the county cultural authorities in Dongtou took action after realizing the significance of the fish folklore popular with local fishermen. For seven consecutive years from 1980 to 1986, the county cultural authorities organized more than 20 field studies to collect folk stories. From 2004 to 2008, the cultural authorities conducted a large-scale survey on intangible cultural heritage across its 186 islands and a lot of fish stories surfaced.
Many fishing boats captains in Dongtou are impressive storytellers. Chen Yishen (1904-1988) was a great storyteller. He never spent a day in school, but he grew up to be a versatile craftsman with a photographic memory. He could tell more than 20 stories concerning fishes in addition to 80 plus ballads and riddles. In the last years of his life, he was a member of Culture Study Panel of Dongtou County. Also a captain who never went to school, Xu Chuyi (born in 1937) is an equally impressive storyteller. One of his folk stories won a folk literature prize for the 1979-1982 period.
The folk stories discovered by cultural authorities have attracted the nationwide attention. Collections of the Dongtou folklore have been published. In May 2009, a complete collection of folk stories on ocean wildlife from Dongtou was published in Shanghai. The 200,000-word stories present a complete picture of fishermen’s wild imagination and reflect what catch their attention and what entertain them. Experts and the general public are equally amazed by these fresh tales.
The folk stories of Dongtou reflect local lifestyles. The present residents in Dongtou islands consist of two large groups. One group are the people from the southern Fujian Province and the other from neighboring counties of Wenzhou. The Wenzhou dialect and southern Fujian dialect have coexisted on the islands for nearly three hundred years. The two dialects represent two different regional cultures. They flourish side by side and they get merged to some degree.
Nowadays, the stories have also become cultural assets that promote the regional tourism across Dongtou. Tour guides in Dongtou never hesitate to relate the best of these stories to tourists.