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伊朗伊斯兰革命后,妇女的形象与行为与宗教及民族文化认同高度关联在一起。而伊朗妇女就业在革命后初期既受到了激进民族主义和宗教情绪的影响,也遭到了经济危机的沉重打击。伊朗社会一直处于动态的变化之中。虽然妇女的劳动参与程度在伊斯兰革命后初期一度大幅度减退,但是在20世纪90年代之后,伴随着城市化的进程,伊朗妇女的受教育程度和就业水平都在不断提高,特别是在服务业中出现了大量的职业女性。与此同时,不少妇女选择在非正式经济部门就业,被称为“失去的劳动”。妇女就业总体状况的改善是伊朗社会、妇女、政治三方持续互动的结果,在某种程度上体现了政府对待妇女问题的务实性、灵活性以及构建相对宽容的民族文化认同的努力。但是,妇女就业仍然存在诸多不尽如人意之处,随着伊朗国内外形势的变化,将会不断地面临机遇与挑战。
After the Islamic Revolution in Iran, women’s image and behavior were highly associated with religious and ethnic cultural identities. However, the employment of Iranian women was both influenced by radical nationalism and religious sentiment in the early days of the revolution, and was also hit hard by the economic crisis. Iranian society has been in a dynamic state of change. Although the level of women’s labor participation dropped drastically after the Islamic Revolution, the level of education and employment of Iranian women has been continuously rising along with the urbanization process after the 1990s, especially in the service industry In a large number of professional women. At the same time, many women choose to work in the informal economy and are called “lost labor.” The overall improvement of the employment situation of women is the result of the continuous interaction among the three parties in Iranian society, women and politics and to some extent reflects the government’s pragmatism and flexibility in dealing with women’s issues and the effort to build a relatively tolerant national culture identity. However, there are still many unsatisfactory employment opportunities for women. As the situation in Iran and abroad changes, they will continue to face opportunities and challenges.