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目的:总结胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤(SCN)和黏液性囊腺瘤(MCN)的CT和MRI影像学特征及诊断，探讨其对外科治疗策略选择的意义。方法:收集2014年6月至2017年12月间海军军医大学第一附属医院肝胆胰外科行手术切除并经病理证实为SCN或MCN患者的临床资料，对一般情况、临床症状、影像学表现及术前误诊病例进行分类分析。结果:共纳入98例胰腺囊性肿瘤病例，包括71例SCN，26例MCN和1例黏液性囊腺癌。病变75.5%位于胰体尾部，89.8%表现为单囊，其中44.9%囊壁强化，39.8%囊内有实性成分，38.8%囊内出现分隔，14.3%囊壁钙化。CT和MRI总的诊断正确率为36.7%(36/98)，诊断模糊率为28.5%(28/98)，误诊率为34.7%(34/98)，CT和MRI高估性误诊率分别为23.0%(14/61)和29.7%(11/37)。其中CT诊断正确率为31.1%(19/61)，MRI诊断正确率为45.9%(17/37)，两种检查的诊断正确率及误诊率的差异无统计学意义。结论:CT和MRI对胰腺囊性肿瘤正确诊断率低，误诊率高，且接近1/4的患者因高估性误诊接受了不必要的手术。因此，胰腺囊性肿瘤正确的影像学诊断对外科治疗策略的选择具有重要的意义。“,”Objective:To summarize the CT and MRI imaging characteristics of pancreatic serous and mucinous cystic neoplasm for diagnosis and further discuss its significance for the selection of surgical treatment strategies.Methods:The clinical data of pancreatic serous and mucinous cystic neoplasm treated by pancreatic hepatobiliary surgery in Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery of First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University from June 2014 to December 2017 were collected. The general conditions, clinical symptoms, imaging findings and preoperative misdiagnosed cases were categorized and analyzed.Results:A total of 98 cases of pancreatic cystic neoplasm were collected, including 71 cases of serous cystadenoma, 26 cases of mucinous cystadenoma and 1 case of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. 75.5% of serous and mucinous cystic neoplasms were located in the tail of the pancreas. 89.8% of the patients had a single cyst, 44.9% of the lesions had cyst wall strengthening, 39.8%had solid components in the cyst, 38.8% had a separation in the cyst, and 14.3% had cystic wall calcification. The overall correct diagnosis rate by CT and MRI was 36.7%(36/98), the unclear diagnosis rate was 28.5%(28/98), and the misdiagnosis rate was 34.7%(34/98). The overestimated misdiagnosis rate was 23.0%(14/61) and 29.7%(11/37), respectively. The diagnosis rate of CT and MRI was 31.1% (19/61) and 45.9% (17/37). There were no significant differences on the diagnosis rate and misdiagnosis rate between CT and MRI.Conclusions:CT and MRI had a low correct diagnosis rate for pancreatic serous and mucinous cystic neoplasm and a high misdiagnosis rate, and almost 1/4 patients underwent unnecessary surgery due to an overestimate diagnosis. Therefore, standardized imaging diagnosis of pancreatic serous and mucinous cystic neoplasm is of great significance to the selection of surgical treatment strategies.