(一)早前知道英人重商,马嘎尔尼使华便是因商事而来(明确的商业目的,这与之前的传教士不同),1840更是主要起因于商务龃龉,促成威斯敏斯特宫内的下议院以271∶262票通过决议,对华远征。1840年后,中国终于被这个国度拖入近现代史。之后,19世纪如日中天的不列颠慢慢告别了维多利亚时代,诺曼征服之后的千年国力终于在两次世界大战中几告殆尽,幸而有那个时代的巨人丘吉尔规划联合王国日后的行程,帝国暮年依附早已分家的美 (A) Earlier, knowing that English was a merchant, Magnanih made Hua-huang come from commerce (for definite commercial purposes, unlike the previous missionaries). 1840 was mainly due to business misery and to Wisconsin The House of Commons in the Palace of Ministers passed a resolution with 271: 262 votes to expedition to China. After 1840, China was finally dragged into the modern history by this country. Later, in the 19th century, Britain, with a flourishing time, bid farewell to the Victorian era. After the conquest of Norman, the millennial national strength finally dwindled out of the two world wars. Fortunately, there was the giants of that era, Churchill planned the future course of the United Kingdom, Already split the United States