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平息批评最有效的方式是用批判之类的术语进行证明。当一种行动据理得到证明,如何有理由否定它的合法性呢?我们关注批判的策略,用以说明合理性(rationality)对合理批判的抵抗问题,特别关注对技术理性的批判。福柯在其权力与知识理论中对这一点已有所阐释。经过仔细探究马克思用他的方法在对市场和技术的“社会合理性”批判时作出的预言,发现在对工作日的讨论中,马克思通过运用与“不充分确定”(underdetermination)概念非常相似的方法成功说明了“社会合理性”的沉默效应。在马克思的著作中也有技术批判的踪迹。19世纪60、70年代,在对待发达社会的技术合理性问题上,新马克思主义和后结构主义都要求根本性的变革。首先在环境运动的影响下,有关技术的论战迅速蔓延。不充分确定的概念最终在对当代科学和技术的研究中得到系统阐释,但这种阐释不带有明显的政治目的。然而,对技术的纯理论理解作出的修正,它对弱化技术专家为制定公共政策提出的那种理由带有积极意义。技术政治的新时代已经开始。
The most effective way to calm a criticism is to prove it in terms such as criticism. When there is evidence of an action, how can we reasonably deny its legitimacy? We are concerned with the tactics of criticism to illustrate the rationality’s resistance to reasonable criticism, with particular attention to the critique of technical rationality. Foucault has explained this in his theory of power and knowledge. After careful examination of Marx’s predictions made in his critique of the “social rationality” of the market and technology, he finds that in the discussion of working days, Marx applied “underdetermination” The concept of a very similar method successfully illustrates the “social rationality” of the silence effect. There is also a trail of technical criticism in Marx’s writings. In the 1960s and 1970s, both new Marxism and post-structuralism required fundamental changes in their treatment of the technical rationality of the developed world. First, under the influence of the environmental movement, the controversy over technology has rapidly spread. The concept of underdetermination is ultimately systematically interpreted in contemporary science and technology research, but this interpretation has no apparent political purpose. However, the revision of the purely theoretical understanding of technology has a positive effect on the kind of reasoning that weakening technical experts put forward to formulate public policies. A new era of technical politics has begun.