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虚拟语气是中学英语中的一种特殊现象,但也正是由于虚拟语气的特殊性使得很多学生闻“虚拟”而生畏,在学习中极易出错。请看以下几例:
① —How’s your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?
—It _____ be, but it is now heavily polluted.
A. will B. would C. should D. must
答案:C。根据后面...but it is now heavily polluted可知该句意思是“它本来应该是美丽的,但现在却被污染了”,意即“若是不被污染,它应该是美丽的”,此处考查情态动词的虚拟语气用法,should表示“本应该”。
② _____ he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race.
A. If B. Since C. Though D. When
答案:A。根据主从句的谓语部分的动词形式可知这句结构是条件句中表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,在表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中,从句用过去完成时,主句用would/ could/ might have done的形式,因此此处就是条件句的引导词if。
中学英语的虚拟语气可大致分四类:条件型,were型、be型和情态动词的虚拟语气。
下面就学生在各种虚拟语气中的易犯错误作简要分析:
1. 条件型虚拟语气
(1)主从句动词形式颠倒,如:
( × )If he would have helped me with my homework, I had done it earlier.
(?菁)If he had helped me with my homework, I would have done it earlier.
这里把主从复合句中的谓语动词在使用虚拟语气时的形式给颠倒了,表示与过去事实相反时,从句使用过去完成时,主句用would have done sth。
(2)动词形式随意使用,如:
( × )If he were live here, I would stay with him all day.
(?菁)If he lived here, I would stay with him all day.
许多考生很“喜欢”在动词前随意加上be动词,虚拟语气也不例外。造成这种问题的根本原因主要是这些考生对英语中动词的用法规律不甚了解,语法、句型知识模糊,学习中又不善于思考,在使用时总是习惯性地随意使用be动词,造成动词用法的混乱。
( × )If he was my friend, I would ask him many questions that I didn’t understand.
(?菁)If he were my friend, I would ask him many questions that I don’t understand.
该句主从句的谓语动词都用错了,在虚拟语气中,若表示与现在事实相反,从句用一般过去时,be动词一律使用were,主句使用would等加动词原形,但本句主句中“我不懂的问题”说的却是事实,应该使用陈述语气,不能用虚拟语气形式,因此应改为don’t understand。
(3)虚拟语气、陈述语气不分
在条件型虚拟语气中有几种特殊形式,如隐含条件句(没有真正的条件句,而使用一些其他结构来替代,如without, but for, otherwise等),混合条件句(主从句的时态不一致,因此虚拟语气的形式出现混合现象)等,考生很容易陷入迷糊状态。
( × )He hadn’t come, otherwise he would have seen the famous singer.
(?菁)He hasn’t come, otherwise he would have seen the famous singer.
“他没有来”这是事实,并非虚拟语气,若用虚拟语气应该是If he had come, he would have seen the famous singer,这是隐含条件句的一种形式。
( × )But for the rain, the crops will all be dried to death.
(?菁)But for the rain, the crops would all have been dried to death.
本句中but for是一种能替代虚拟条件从句的介词短语,在这里相当于If there hadn’t been the rain...可知这是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,因此主句应该改为...would have been dried...。
( × )If it hadn’t rained yesterday, we would have been on our trip to Qingdao now.
(?菁)If it hadn’t rained yesterday, we would be on our trip to Qingdao now.
这是一句混合条件句,从句指的是过去时间,但主句指的是现在时间,在使用虚拟语气时,主从句的动词形式应该根据各自的时间调整,因此主句的谓语动词应改为would be才符合句末的时间状语now。
(4)倒装形式误用
在条件型虚拟语气中,当从句中的were, should和had提至句首时,从句应该倒装,形式是“were/ should/ had + 主语 + 谓语”,值得注意的是从句中主语和谓语的位置并未真正倒装,只是将were, should或had提前了,并省略了连词if,这跟普通倒装语序不同,考生易出错。
( × )Had done he this really, I wouldn’t forgive him all my life.
(?菁)Had he really done this, I wouldn’t forgive him all my life.
( × )Should does it rain tomorrow, we would put off the activity.
(?菁)Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off the activity.
2. were型虚拟语气
were型虚拟语气指的是一些使用虚拟语气的句型中分别使用一般过去时表示与现在相反,过去完成时与过去相反,be动词一律使用were的结构。常见的有:
(1)wish引导宾语从句
(2)as if/ though引导的从句
(3)if only引导的句子
(4)would rather that引导的句子
(5)it is time that...(谓语有两种形式:were型和“should + 动词原形”,但should不省略)
在使用这些结构时,一些考生不知道要使用虚拟语气,只是一味地根据汉语直译,最典型的是随意使用wish引导的句子,如:
( × )I wish you can succeed in the exam.
本来是好好的希望,但因为wish后面使用宾语从句时必须使用虚拟语气,此句岂不成了讽刺挖苦对方,意思是他在考试中根本就不能成功?因此这句不能使用wish,应改为I hope you can succeed in the exam.
( × )He sings like crazy at the stage, as if he is really Jay Chou.
根据as if he is really Jay Chou来看,他根本就不可能是周杰伦,因此应使用虚拟语气,as if结构的虚拟语气,使用过去时表示与现在相反,be一律使用were,故此句改为He sings like crazy at the stage, as if he were really Jay Chou.
( × )I wake up only if the alarm clock rang.
only if表示“只有”,引导条件状语从句,不用虚拟语气;if only则表示“如果……就好了”,常使用虚拟语气表示这种想法不能实现。因此这句应改为I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.
3. be型虚拟语气
be型虚拟语气指的是虚拟语气中使用should加动词原形,should可省略的情况,常见的形式有:
(1)在insist, order, suggest, recommend, desire, demand, require等后面接宾语从句,或这些词变成过去分词后用于it is insisted/ it is ordered.../ ...等引导的主语从句,或这些词变成名词后引导的同位语从句。
(2)it is a pity/ shame that...
(3)it is necessary/ important/ strange/ natural...
第一类结构最常用,尤其是insist, suggest等后接宾语从句时,考生了解得一般较好,但若改变句型,如主语从句、同位语从句后,有的考生就易犯错。后种者句型很多考生较为陌生,出错的可能性就更大。
( × )It is important that every member informs himself of these rules.
(?菁)It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
( × )It is a shame that he would have done this to his own father.
(?菁)It is a shame that he (should) do this to his own father. 他竟然这样对待自己的亲身父亲真是太遗憾了。
4. 情态动词的虚拟语气
情态动词的虚拟语气在近几年英语高考中考得非常频繁,全国各地的高考卷中几乎都有考查。但同时这种考题又很容易出错,主要原因有二:
(1)有的情态动词含义模糊,在表示语气上区别起来很难,如:
If you stay here, you will (may, might, can, could, should, shall) feel hard to get along with him. 如果你留下来,你会感到跟他相处很困难。
选项中哪些词能用?哪些词不能用?从某种角度看都可以,这就造成使用和区别它们很困难。
(2)情态动词除了虚拟语气的用法外,也常用来表示推测,两者之间易混淆,如下面都是2007年各地高考题中情态动词在表示推测和虚拟语气方面的区别:
① —She looks very happy. She _____ have passed the exam.(2007江苏)
—I guess so. It’s not difficult after all.
A. should B. could
C. must D. might
② My MP4 player isn’t in my bag. Where _____ I have put it?(2007福建)
A. could B. must
C. should D. would
③ I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I _____ have driven her there.(2007陕西)
A. could B. must
C. might D. should
④ —My cat’s really fat.(2007浙江)
—You _____ have given her so much food.
A. wouldn’t B. couldn’t
C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t
⑤ —Turn off the TV, Jack. _____ your homework now?(2007辽宁)
—Mum, just ten more minutes, please.
A. Should you be doing B. Shouldn’t you be doing
C. Couldn’t you be doing D. Will you be doing
答案:①C ②A ③D ④C ⑤B
①②题考查的都是情态动词表示推测的用法,第①题根据前面She looks very happy.可推测出她肯定通过考试了,因此使用must;第②题问的是“我有可能放哪里去了?”语气不肯定,因此应使用could表示一般的推测;第③题是对“本应该开车送她去那儿而没有做”表示责备,应使用should have done的虚拟语气形式;同理,第④和第⑤题都是表示对不该做的做了或该做的又没有做进行责备或批评,因而都使用should或shouldn’t来表示虚拟语气。
编辑/梁宇清
① —How’s your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?
—It _____ be, but it is now heavily polluted.
A. will B. would C. should D. must
答案:C。根据后面...but it is now heavily polluted可知该句意思是“它本来应该是美丽的,但现在却被污染了”,意即“若是不被污染,它应该是美丽的”,此处考查情态动词的虚拟语气用法,should表示“本应该”。
② _____ he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race.
A. If B. Since C. Though D. When
答案:A。根据主从句的谓语部分的动词形式可知这句结构是条件句中表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,在表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中,从句用过去完成时,主句用would/ could/ might have done的形式,因此此处就是条件句的引导词if。
中学英语的虚拟语气可大致分四类:条件型,were型、be型和情态动词的虚拟语气。
下面就学生在各种虚拟语气中的易犯错误作简要分析:
1. 条件型虚拟语气
(1)主从句动词形式颠倒,如:
( × )If he would have helped me with my homework, I had done it earlier.
(?菁)If he had helped me with my homework, I would have done it earlier.
这里把主从复合句中的谓语动词在使用虚拟语气时的形式给颠倒了,表示与过去事实相反时,从句使用过去完成时,主句用would have done sth。
(2)动词形式随意使用,如:
( × )If he were live here, I would stay with him all day.
(?菁)If he lived here, I would stay with him all day.
许多考生很“喜欢”在动词前随意加上be动词,虚拟语气也不例外。造成这种问题的根本原因主要是这些考生对英语中动词的用法规律不甚了解,语法、句型知识模糊,学习中又不善于思考,在使用时总是习惯性地随意使用be动词,造成动词用法的混乱。
( × )If he was my friend, I would ask him many questions that I didn’t understand.
(?菁)If he were my friend, I would ask him many questions that I don’t understand.
该句主从句的谓语动词都用错了,在虚拟语气中,若表示与现在事实相反,从句用一般过去时,be动词一律使用were,主句使用would等加动词原形,但本句主句中“我不懂的问题”说的却是事实,应该使用陈述语气,不能用虚拟语气形式,因此应改为don’t understand。
(3)虚拟语气、陈述语气不分
在条件型虚拟语气中有几种特殊形式,如隐含条件句(没有真正的条件句,而使用一些其他结构来替代,如without, but for, otherwise等),混合条件句(主从句的时态不一致,因此虚拟语气的形式出现混合现象)等,考生很容易陷入迷糊状态。
( × )He hadn’t come, otherwise he would have seen the famous singer.
(?菁)He hasn’t come, otherwise he would have seen the famous singer.
“他没有来”这是事实,并非虚拟语气,若用虚拟语气应该是If he had come, he would have seen the famous singer,这是隐含条件句的一种形式。
( × )But for the rain, the crops will all be dried to death.
(?菁)But for the rain, the crops would all have been dried to death.
本句中but for是一种能替代虚拟条件从句的介词短语,在这里相当于If there hadn’t been the rain...可知这是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,因此主句应该改为...would have been dried...。
( × )If it hadn’t rained yesterday, we would have been on our trip to Qingdao now.
(?菁)If it hadn’t rained yesterday, we would be on our trip to Qingdao now.
这是一句混合条件句,从句指的是过去时间,但主句指的是现在时间,在使用虚拟语气时,主从句的动词形式应该根据各自的时间调整,因此主句的谓语动词应改为would be才符合句末的时间状语now。
(4)倒装形式误用
在条件型虚拟语气中,当从句中的were, should和had提至句首时,从句应该倒装,形式是“were/ should/ had + 主语 + 谓语”,值得注意的是从句中主语和谓语的位置并未真正倒装,只是将were, should或had提前了,并省略了连词if,这跟普通倒装语序不同,考生易出错。
( × )Had done he this really, I wouldn’t forgive him all my life.
(?菁)Had he really done this, I wouldn’t forgive him all my life.
( × )Should does it rain tomorrow, we would put off the activity.
(?菁)Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off the activity.
2. were型虚拟语气
were型虚拟语气指的是一些使用虚拟语气的句型中分别使用一般过去时表示与现在相反,过去完成时与过去相反,be动词一律使用were的结构。常见的有:
(1)wish引导宾语从句
(2)as if/ though引导的从句
(3)if only引导的句子
(4)would rather that引导的句子
(5)it is time that...(谓语有两种形式:were型和“should + 动词原形”,但should不省略)
在使用这些结构时,一些考生不知道要使用虚拟语气,只是一味地根据汉语直译,最典型的是随意使用wish引导的句子,如:
( × )I wish you can succeed in the exam.
本来是好好的希望,但因为wish后面使用宾语从句时必须使用虚拟语气,此句岂不成了讽刺挖苦对方,意思是他在考试中根本就不能成功?因此这句不能使用wish,应改为I hope you can succeed in the exam.
( × )He sings like crazy at the stage, as if he is really Jay Chou.
根据as if he is really Jay Chou来看,他根本就不可能是周杰伦,因此应使用虚拟语气,as if结构的虚拟语气,使用过去时表示与现在相反,be一律使用were,故此句改为He sings like crazy at the stage, as if he were really Jay Chou.
( × )I wake up only if the alarm clock rang.
only if表示“只有”,引导条件状语从句,不用虚拟语气;if only则表示“如果……就好了”,常使用虚拟语气表示这种想法不能实现。因此这句应改为I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.
3. be型虚拟语气
be型虚拟语气指的是虚拟语气中使用should加动词原形,should可省略的情况,常见的形式有:
(1)在insist, order, suggest, recommend, desire, demand, require等后面接宾语从句,或这些词变成过去分词后用于it is insisted/ it is ordered.../ ...等引导的主语从句,或这些词变成名词后引导的同位语从句。
(2)it is a pity/ shame that...
(3)it is necessary/ important/ strange/ natural...
第一类结构最常用,尤其是insist, suggest等后接宾语从句时,考生了解得一般较好,但若改变句型,如主语从句、同位语从句后,有的考生就易犯错。后种者句型很多考生较为陌生,出错的可能性就更大。
( × )It is important that every member informs himself of these rules.
(?菁)It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
( × )It is a shame that he would have done this to his own father.
(?菁)It is a shame that he (should) do this to his own father. 他竟然这样对待自己的亲身父亲真是太遗憾了。
4. 情态动词的虚拟语气
情态动词的虚拟语气在近几年英语高考中考得非常频繁,全国各地的高考卷中几乎都有考查。但同时这种考题又很容易出错,主要原因有二:
(1)有的情态动词含义模糊,在表示语气上区别起来很难,如:
If you stay here, you will (may, might, can, could, should, shall) feel hard to get along with him. 如果你留下来,你会感到跟他相处很困难。
选项中哪些词能用?哪些词不能用?从某种角度看都可以,这就造成使用和区别它们很困难。
(2)情态动词除了虚拟语气的用法外,也常用来表示推测,两者之间易混淆,如下面都是2007年各地高考题中情态动词在表示推测和虚拟语气方面的区别:
① —She looks very happy. She _____ have passed the exam.(2007江苏)
—I guess so. It’s not difficult after all.
A. should B. could
C. must D. might
② My MP4 player isn’t in my bag. Where _____ I have put it?(2007福建)
A. could B. must
C. should D. would
③ I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I _____ have driven her there.(2007陕西)
A. could B. must
C. might D. should
④ —My cat’s really fat.(2007浙江)
—You _____ have given her so much food.
A. wouldn’t B. couldn’t
C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t
⑤ —Turn off the TV, Jack. _____ your homework now?(2007辽宁)
—Mum, just ten more minutes, please.
A. Should you be doing B. Shouldn’t you be doing
C. Couldn’t you be doing D. Will you be doing
答案:①C ②A ③D ④C ⑤B
①②题考查的都是情态动词表示推测的用法,第①题根据前面She looks very happy.可推测出她肯定通过考试了,因此使用must;第②题问的是“我有可能放哪里去了?”语气不肯定,因此应使用could表示一般的推测;第③题是对“本应该开车送她去那儿而没有做”表示责备,应使用should have done的虚拟语气形式;同理,第④和第⑤题都是表示对不该做的做了或该做的又没有做进行责备或批评,因而都使用should或shouldn’t来表示虚拟语气。
编辑/梁宇清