Impairments in the central nervous system (CNS) are a prevalent cause of life-long disabilities worldwide, representing serious health, social, and economic concerns (Doblado et al., 2021). During the last decades, with the population eldering and the increase in the life span, we have experienced an increase in CNS-related disorders, like stroke and neurodegenerative diseases (Jarrin et al., 2021). Paralysis, cognitive function, and sensory losses (Jensen et al., 2020) are among the most predominant outcomes. Regrettably, there is still no effective therapy for CNS repair and regeneration (CNSRR), where most of the current therapeutics can only prevent continued damage in the affected area (Ali and Bhuiyan, 2021). The presence of the blood-brain barrier restricts the permeation of drugs through the circulation, and the difficulty of accessing the damaged regions, which usually demand invasive surgeries, compromise even more the effectiveness of the available treatments (Ojeda-Hernández et al., 2020). Thus, there is an urge to develop an effective therapy for CNSRR. Hopefully, a multidisciplinary strategy has been adopted for designing sophisticated multifunctional platforms based on nature-sourced materials capable of influencing cell fate, delivering therapeutics for the damaged area in a sustained manner, and supporting the adjacent brain parenchyma aiming at CNSRR: the polysaccharides. Here, we do not cover the overall properties of polysaccharide-based materials. Hence, we emphatically recommend the readers resort to state-of-the-art works referenced throughout this paper for further comprehension of the theme (Carvalho et al., 2021; Doblado et al., 2021; Tupone et al., 2021).