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摘要: 随着雅思考试在中国的广泛开展,越来越多的中国学生在雅思考试中的成绩得到了逐步提高,而且阅读单项的成绩也取得了很大的进步。但是,在阅读题型中,给中国学生造成很大的困难的题型依然是判断题。在近一到两年的考试中,判断题的数量一直维持在十五到二十道左右,同时中国学生在思维上对判断题的解题方法依然存在着很大的困难,直接造成中国学生很难取得更高的分数。本文作者对剑桥雅思考试中心发布的剑桥雅思考试真题第四册的题目进行了分析,旨在能总结出一个广泛适用于做判断题的标准,帮助广大学子提高成绩。
关键词: 雅思学术类考试阅读是非判断题标准
雅思学术类考试作为准备出国学习的一项成绩,在很多学子的出国路上造成了不小的障碍。而阅读题型的一大难点是其变化多端、纷繁复杂,这些题型粗略地可以分为九大类:标题对应题、真假判断题、总结题、简答题、句子完成题、图表填空题、配对题、选择题、流程图题。在这些题型当中,是非判断题占40%左右。所以是非判断题的答题情况直接决定考生阅读方面的成绩。
在是非判断题的考试中,考生要对试卷上所列出的一系列命题(即陈述句)进行判断。如果这些陈述句是反映观点或者态度的,那么考生的任务就是判断这些句子是否和作者的观点一致。在这种情况下,答案的选择有“YES”,“NO”或者是“NOT GIVEN”。如果这些陈述句表述的内容是有关事实信息,那么考生就要判断这些句子是否和文中的信息一致。在这种情况下,答案的选择有“TRUE”,“FALSE”或者是“NOT GIVEN”。这里要特别说明的是在考试中“YES”,“NO”,“NOT GIVEN”和“TRUE”,“FALSE”,“NOT GIVEN”只是考试形式的区别,在判断方式上并没有本质区别。
一、判断标准
判断命题是否正确的标准是什么呢?现在有很多不同的说法,在多年的教学经验的基础上,我总结出了以下标准:
TRUE或YES:所需判断的陈述句中所有的考点词汇和原文中的表达完全对应。
FALSE或NO:所需判断的陈述句中至少有一个考点词汇和原文中的表达相矛盾。
NOT GIVEN:所需判断的陈述句中在没有错误的前提之下,至少有一个考点词汇文章没有提到相关内容。
二、实例分析
下面我就结合剑桥雅思考试真题第四册的题目来讲解我的判断标准。
(一)TRUE/YES的标准。
即所需判断的陈述句中所有的考点词汇和原文中的表达完全对应。从表述中可以看出,正确的标准是唯一性的,只有在全部考点都正确的情况下,该命题才能被判断为TRUE/YES。
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
3.
题干:It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the “pure” science that they study at school.
原文:Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about “pure” science,curriculum science.
分析:此题答案为TRUE。从两个句子表达中不难看出,两句话都是针对“children”这同一对象,并且在观点陈述中“hold”对应“harbour”都作动词,表示“包含,拥有”,“mistaken views”对应“misconceptions”,表示“错误的概念”,“that they study at school”对应“curriculum science”,在这里“curriculum”作名词,表示“学校课程”的意思。
4.
题干:The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them.
原文:These misconceptions do no remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted,but organised,conceptual framework,making it and the component ideas,some of which are erroneous,more robust but also accessible to modification.
分析:虽然原文是一个长难句,但从表达意思的主体上来看并没有太大的改变。“children’s ideas about science”对应“these misconceptions,都指儿童对于科学的认识,只不过文章中表达为错误的概念。“form part of a larger framework of ideas”对应“do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted,but organised,conceptual framework”,都表达了儿童的观点形成了一个大的框架的观点,区别就在于文章对这个框架作了一些详细的描述,“means that it is easier to change them”对应“making it and the component ideas,some of which are erroneous,more robust but also accessible to modification”,在这里,考点的对应集中在了“easier”,正好对应了文章中的“more accessible,to change them”,对应了“modification”。
7.
题干:The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at children’s understanding of rain forests.
原文:These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’views about the use and conservation of rain forest...
分析:在这里,关键的考点对应集中在了“follows on from”,对应了“consistent”,都表示“一致的”意思。“a series of studies that have looked at children’s understanding of rain forests”对应了“our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rain forest”,同样表示了“之前已经研究过的儿童对于热带雨林的观点”。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
12.
题干:The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.
原文:All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans...generally the rates have been modest(lower than bank rates).
分析:题干中表达“the children have to pay back... more money than they borrowed”对应文章中“All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans”,全部计划都要收利息,所以儿童必须还钱,并且有了利息的存在,所以儿童要还比他借的钱多的一部分钱;并且,“slightly”对应了“modest,generally the rates have been modest(lower than bank rates)”,利率不多,并且比银行的要低,所以只高出了一点点。
Academic Test 4
Reading Passage 1
1.
题干:Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.
原文:Since the early years of the twentieth century,when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records...
分析:“about 1900”对应“the early years of the twentieth century,Modern official athletic records date from”,对应“when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records”。
6.
题干:The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognised at a younger age.
原文:Over the past century,...but with increasing global participation in athletic——and greater rewards to tempt athletes——it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early.
分析:“The growing international importance of athletics”对应“with increasing global participation in athletic——and greater rewards to tempt athletes,gifted athletes”对应“individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance,recognised at a younger age”对应“more likely...can be identified early”。
从这些例子中可以看出,所有被判断为正确的陈述表达无一例外地都和文章中的考点表达存在一一对应的关系。
(二)FALSE/NO的判断标准。
即所需判断的陈述句中至少有一个考点词汇和原文中的表达相矛盾。无论其它的考点是什么结论,只需要其中有一个考点是错误的,那么这个命题的答案都是错误的。
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
1.
题干:The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media.
原文:In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage...
分析:“ignored”与“coverage”矛盾,文章表达了媒体关注了雨林,而题干的表达却是忽视,二者相矛盾,因此为错误。
5.
题干:The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as “are there any rainforests in Africa?”
原文:Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions.
分析:题干中说的是一般疑问句的提问方式,而文章中给出的信息是“five open-form questions”,意思为特殊疑问词提问的问题,相矛盾,故为错误。
Academic Test 2
Reading Passage 1
10.
题干:The Navajo language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.
原文:Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers,and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers.
分析:从文章中给出的信息看出,“Navajo is considered endangered”可以和“The Navajo language will die out”对应,但是文章中说有150,000人说Navajo语,从数量上来说并不少,而题干中的“it currently has too few speakers”相矛盾,故为错误。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
9.
题干:Any street child can set up their own small business if give enough support.
原文:Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone,nor for every street child.
分析:题干中说“任何街道儿童都有机会建立他们自己的小生意”,而原文中说“成为企业家并不是每个人能做,也并不是每一个街道儿童都能做”,二者表述相互矛盾。
11.
题干:Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.
原文:The loan amount in S.K.I programs have generally ranged from US30-100.
分析:文章中给出信息贷款数量是可以变化的,但题干中的fixed loan是“固定贷款”的意思,相互矛盾。
从以上的例子中可以看出,命题表达中至少会有一个考点需要作出判断,无论其它考点如何,只要我们能从中找出一个考点是错误的,那么该命题都是错误的。
(三)NOT GIVEN的判断标准。
即所需判断的陈述句中在没有错误的前提之下,至少有一个考点词汇文章没有提到相关内容。从表述中可以看出,被判断的命题中,首先不能有错误的成分存在,因为只要出现错误点,那么该命题就是FALSE/NO了。只有在没有错误点出现的情况下,至少有一个考点文章中没有提到,那么该命题就可以被判断为NOT GIVEN。而在考试中,有一种NOT GIVEN情况很好判断,就是全文没有找到相关内容,那么就可以直接下结论了。看看下面的例子:
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
6.
题干:Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rain forests destruction.
原文:More girls(70%) than boys(60%) raised the idea of rain forest as animal habitats...more girls(13%) than boys(5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats.
分析:从原文的表达中可以找到题干的部分信息“Girls are more likely than boys”,但是后半部分信息在文章中没有出现,所以该命题为NOT GIVEN。
8.
题干:A second study has been planned to investigate primary school children’sideas about rain forests.
原文:One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children...
分析:从题干和原文的表述中可以看出,二者并不存在对应关系,所以答案为NOT GIVEN。
Academic Test 2
Reading Passage 2
21.
题干:Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.
原文:Part of the incentive was financial,Dr. Laver said.“The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere,they might want to be able to offer a similar service.”
分析:题干中的关键点在于中医的工资比其他医生要高,而原文只陈述了从事中医这一行的人很多是商人,他们为了能留住顾客,也想提供同样的服务,但并不能得出结论说中医就比其他医生工资高的结论,二者表述不相关,答案为NOT GIVEN。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
10.
题干:In some cases,the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.
原文:There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program...
分析:题干中提到家庭需要获得财政资助,但是文章中只是谈到说能有父母或者监护人的参与会有很多好处,并没有提到家庭需要财政资助的问题,二者并不相关,所以为NOT GIVEN。
从这些例子中可以看出,在判断中,只要命题中没有错误信息出现,而同时又有考点在文章中找不到匹配的信息,那么该命题的答案就是NOT GIVEN。
总之,我们在把握住了是非判断题的答题关键之后,只要仔细对语言点进行对比,就能在解题中快速、准确地作出判断。
参考文献:
[1]Cambridge IELTS 4 [M]. Cambridge University Press.2005.
关键词: 雅思学术类考试阅读是非判断题标准
雅思学术类考试作为准备出国学习的一项成绩,在很多学子的出国路上造成了不小的障碍。而阅读题型的一大难点是其变化多端、纷繁复杂,这些题型粗略地可以分为九大类:标题对应题、真假判断题、总结题、简答题、句子完成题、图表填空题、配对题、选择题、流程图题。在这些题型当中,是非判断题占40%左右。所以是非判断题的答题情况直接决定考生阅读方面的成绩。
在是非判断题的考试中,考生要对试卷上所列出的一系列命题(即陈述句)进行判断。如果这些陈述句是反映观点或者态度的,那么考生的任务就是判断这些句子是否和作者的观点一致。在这种情况下,答案的选择有“YES”,“NO”或者是“NOT GIVEN”。如果这些陈述句表述的内容是有关事实信息,那么考生就要判断这些句子是否和文中的信息一致。在这种情况下,答案的选择有“TRUE”,“FALSE”或者是“NOT GIVEN”。这里要特别说明的是在考试中“YES”,“NO”,“NOT GIVEN”和“TRUE”,“FALSE”,“NOT GIVEN”只是考试形式的区别,在判断方式上并没有本质区别。
一、判断标准
判断命题是否正确的标准是什么呢?现在有很多不同的说法,在多年的教学经验的基础上,我总结出了以下标准:
TRUE或YES:所需判断的陈述句中所有的考点词汇和原文中的表达完全对应。
FALSE或NO:所需判断的陈述句中至少有一个考点词汇和原文中的表达相矛盾。
NOT GIVEN:所需判断的陈述句中在没有错误的前提之下,至少有一个考点词汇文章没有提到相关内容。
二、实例分析
下面我就结合剑桥雅思考试真题第四册的题目来讲解我的判断标准。
(一)TRUE/YES的标准。
即所需判断的陈述句中所有的考点词汇和原文中的表达完全对应。从表述中可以看出,正确的标准是唯一性的,只有在全部考点都正确的情况下,该命题才能被判断为TRUE/YES。
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
3.
题干:It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the “pure” science that they study at school.
原文:Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about “pure” science,curriculum science.
分析:此题答案为TRUE。从两个句子表达中不难看出,两句话都是针对“children”这同一对象,并且在观点陈述中“hold”对应“harbour”都作动词,表示“包含,拥有”,“mistaken views”对应“misconceptions”,表示“错误的概念”,“that they study at school”对应“curriculum science”,在这里“curriculum”作名词,表示“学校课程”的意思。
4.
题干:The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them.
原文:These misconceptions do no remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted,but organised,conceptual framework,making it and the component ideas,some of which are erroneous,more robust but also accessible to modification.
分析:虽然原文是一个长难句,但从表达意思的主体上来看并没有太大的改变。“children’s ideas about science”对应“these misconceptions,都指儿童对于科学的认识,只不过文章中表达为错误的概念。“form part of a larger framework of ideas”对应“do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted,but organised,conceptual framework”,都表达了儿童的观点形成了一个大的框架的观点,区别就在于文章对这个框架作了一些详细的描述,“means that it is easier to change them”对应“making it and the component ideas,some of which are erroneous,more robust but also accessible to modification”,在这里,考点的对应集中在了“easier”,正好对应了文章中的“more accessible,to change them”,对应了“modification”。
7.
题干:The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at children’s understanding of rain forests.
原文:These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’views about the use and conservation of rain forest...
分析:在这里,关键的考点对应集中在了“follows on from”,对应了“consistent”,都表示“一致的”意思。“a series of studies that have looked at children’s understanding of rain forests”对应了“our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rain forest”,同样表示了“之前已经研究过的儿童对于热带雨林的观点”。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
12.
题干:The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.
原文:All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans...generally the rates have been modest(lower than bank rates).
分析:题干中表达“the children have to pay back... more money than they borrowed”对应文章中“All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans”,全部计划都要收利息,所以儿童必须还钱,并且有了利息的存在,所以儿童要还比他借的钱多的一部分钱;并且,“slightly”对应了“modest,generally the rates have been modest(lower than bank rates)”,利率不多,并且比银行的要低,所以只高出了一点点。
Academic Test 4
Reading Passage 1
1.
题干:Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.
原文:Since the early years of the twentieth century,when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records...
分析:“about 1900”对应“the early years of the twentieth century,Modern official athletic records date from”,对应“when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records”。
6.
题干:The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognised at a younger age.
原文:Over the past century,...but with increasing global participation in athletic——and greater rewards to tempt athletes——it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early.
分析:“The growing international importance of athletics”对应“with increasing global participation in athletic——and greater rewards to tempt athletes,gifted athletes”对应“individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance,recognised at a younger age”对应“more likely...can be identified early”。
从这些例子中可以看出,所有被判断为正确的陈述表达无一例外地都和文章中的考点表达存在一一对应的关系。
(二)FALSE/NO的判断标准。
即所需判断的陈述句中至少有一个考点词汇和原文中的表达相矛盾。无论其它的考点是什么结论,只需要其中有一个考点是错误的,那么这个命题的答案都是错误的。
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
1.
题干:The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media.
原文:In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage...
分析:“ignored”与“coverage”矛盾,文章表达了媒体关注了雨林,而题干的表达却是忽视,二者相矛盾,因此为错误。
5.
题干:The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as “are there any rainforests in Africa?”
原文:Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions.
分析:题干中说的是一般疑问句的提问方式,而文章中给出的信息是“five open-form questions”,意思为特殊疑问词提问的问题,相矛盾,故为错误。
Academic Test 2
Reading Passage 1
10.
题干:The Navajo language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.
原文:Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers,and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers.
分析:从文章中给出的信息看出,“Navajo is considered endangered”可以和“The Navajo language will die out”对应,但是文章中说有150,000人说Navajo语,从数量上来说并不少,而题干中的“it currently has too few speakers”相矛盾,故为错误。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
9.
题干:Any street child can set up their own small business if give enough support.
原文:Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone,nor for every street child.
分析:题干中说“任何街道儿童都有机会建立他们自己的小生意”,而原文中说“成为企业家并不是每个人能做,也并不是每一个街道儿童都能做”,二者表述相互矛盾。
11.
题干:Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.
原文:The loan amount in S.K.I programs have generally ranged from US30-100.
分析:文章中给出信息贷款数量是可以变化的,但题干中的fixed loan是“固定贷款”的意思,相互矛盾。
从以上的例子中可以看出,命题表达中至少会有一个考点需要作出判断,无论其它考点如何,只要我们能从中找出一个考点是错误的,那么该命题都是错误的。
(三)NOT GIVEN的判断标准。
即所需判断的陈述句中在没有错误的前提之下,至少有一个考点词汇文章没有提到相关内容。从表述中可以看出,被判断的命题中,首先不能有错误的成分存在,因为只要出现错误点,那么该命题就是FALSE/NO了。只有在没有错误点出现的情况下,至少有一个考点文章中没有提到,那么该命题就可以被判断为NOT GIVEN。而在考试中,有一种NOT GIVEN情况很好判断,就是全文没有找到相关内容,那么就可以直接下结论了。看看下面的例子:
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
6.
题干:Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rain forests destruction.
原文:More girls(70%) than boys(60%) raised the idea of rain forest as animal habitats...more girls(13%) than boys(5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats.
分析:从原文的表达中可以找到题干的部分信息“Girls are more likely than boys”,但是后半部分信息在文章中没有出现,所以该命题为NOT GIVEN。
8.
题干:A second study has been planned to investigate primary school children’sideas about rain forests.
原文:One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children...
分析:从题干和原文的表述中可以看出,二者并不存在对应关系,所以答案为NOT GIVEN。
Academic Test 2
Reading Passage 2
21.
题干:Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.
原文:Part of the incentive was financial,Dr. Laver said.“The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere,they might want to be able to offer a similar service.”
分析:题干中的关键点在于中医的工资比其他医生要高,而原文只陈述了从事中医这一行的人很多是商人,他们为了能留住顾客,也想提供同样的服务,但并不能得出结论说中医就比其他医生工资高的结论,二者表述不相关,答案为NOT GIVEN。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
10.
题干:In some cases,the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.
原文:There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program...
分析:题干中提到家庭需要获得财政资助,但是文章中只是谈到说能有父母或者监护人的参与会有很多好处,并没有提到家庭需要财政资助的问题,二者并不相关,所以为NOT GIVEN。
从这些例子中可以看出,在判断中,只要命题中没有错误信息出现,而同时又有考点在文章中找不到匹配的信息,那么该命题的答案就是NOT GIVEN。
总之,我们在把握住了是非判断题的答题关键之后,只要仔细对语言点进行对比,就能在解题中快速、准确地作出判断。
参考文献:
[1]Cambridge IELTS 4 [M]. Cambridge University Press.2005.