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目的对某特大型铅酸蓄电池生产企业投产12年来工作场所铅烟和铅尘及接触人群血铅进行动态分析,评价其预防职业性铅中毒效果。方法通过现场职业卫生调查,了解其生产工艺流程和基本职业卫生情况;采用火焰原子吸收光谱法检测工作场所的铅烟(尘)浓度,用石墨炉原子吸收光潽法检测接触人群的血铅水平,并分别依照GBZ 2.1—2007和GBZ 37—2002进行评价。结果该铅蓄电池生产企业投产以来(2001—2012年)铅尘的时间加权平均浓度(C TWA)的检测值范围为0.002~3.105 mg/m3,中位数0.047 mg/m3,合格率45.0%~83.3%,平均合格率61.7%(187/303);铅烟C TWA为0.002~2.523 mg/m3,中位数0.039 mg/m3,合格率20.0%~100%,平均合格率49.0%(73/149)。铅烟(尘)合格率31.8%~88.9%,平均合格率57.7%(260/452),不同年度合格率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),铅烟(尘)合格率从2002年度的31.8%上升至2011年的88.9%。12年间定期职业健康检查共7 893人次,血铅浓度为0.080~4.213μmol/L,平均为(1.098±0.464)μmol/L;男性、女性血铅分别为(1.131±0.440)、(0.727±0.340)μmol/L,男女血铅差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。随着年份的增长,人群血铅均值有下降的趋势(R=-0.755,P<0.01)。12年间血铅<1.9、1.9~2.9、>2.9μmol/L人群构成比分别为94.83%、4.78%、0.39%。将血铅分为<1.9(血铅正常)和≥1.9μmol/L(血铅偏高)2个等级进行构成比的卡方检验,不同年度间接触人群的血铅等级构成差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),血铅<1.9μmol/L接触人群的构成比从2001年的80.99%上升至2012年的100.00%。共有7人诊断为慢性职业性铅中毒,其中轻度、中度中毒分别为5、2例。结论该企业投产以来铅烟(尘)浓度与接触人群的血铅水平逐年下降,血铅超标率和慢性职业性铅中毒发生率低,预防慢性职业性铅中毒效果显著。
Objective To conduct a dynamic analysis of lead in lead dioxide and lead dust and blood lead exposure in a workplace of a large-scale lead-acid battery production enterprise for 12 years and evaluate its preventive effect on occupational lead poisoning. Methods The occupational health survey was conducted to understand the production process and the basic occupational health status. The lead smoke (dust) concentration in the workplace was detected by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The levels of lead in blood were detected by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry , And evaluated according to GBZ 2.1-2007 and GBZ 37-2002 respectively. Results The time-weighted average concentration of lead dust (C TWA) of the lead-acid battery manufacturers (2001-2012) was 0.002-3.05 mg / m3 with the median of 0.047 mg / m3 and the pass rate was 45.0% The average pass rate was 61.7% (187/303); the C TWA of lead smoke was 0.002-2.523 mg / m3 with the median of 0.039 mg / m3, the pass rate was 20.0% ~ 100% and the average passing rate was 49.0% (73 / 149). The pass rates of lead smoke (dust) ranged from 31.8% to 88.9% with an average passing rate of 57.7% (260/452). There were significant differences in pass rates between different years (P <0.01) 31.8% up to 88.9% in 2011. There were 7,893 regular occupational health examinations in 12 years. The blood lead level was 0.080 ~ 4.213μmol / L, with an average of (1.098 ± 0.464) μmol / L. The blood lead levels in males and females were (1.131 ± 0.440) and (0.727 ± 0.340 ) μmol / L, there was a significant difference in blood lead between men and women (P <0.01). With the increase of the year, the average blood lead level of the population tends to decrease (R = -0.755, P <0.01). In 12 years, the blood lead <1.9, 1.9 ~ 2.9,> 2.9μmol / L population constituent ratio were 94.83%, 4.78%, 0.39% respectively. The blood lead level was divided into two groups of <1.9 (blood lead level) and> 1.9 micromol / L (blood lead level) by chi-square test. There were significant differences in blood lead levels between the two groups (P <0.01). The ratio of blood lead <1.9μmol / L in contact with the population increased from 80.99% in 2001 to 100.00% in 2012. A total of seven people diagnosed as chronic occupational lead poisoning, of which mild and moderate poisoning were 5,2 cases. Conclusion The concentration of lead smoke (dust) and the level of blood lead in contact with the population have been declining year by year since it was put into production, and the rate of blood lead excess and chronic occupational lead poisoning is low, and the prevention of chronic occupational lead poisoning is remarkable.