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一、自然垄断的经济特征与政府规制 所谓自然垄断,是指由于存在着资源稀缺性、规模经济效应、范围经济效应以及成本的劣加性,使提供单一物品和服务的厂商或联合起来生产多种物品和服务的厂商形成完全垄断或寡头垄断的概率很高,这种由于技术原因或其他特别的经济理由而形成的垄断就称为自然垄断。由于基础设施产业具有投资额大、投资回收期长、固定资产沉没成本大、规模经济效益显著等特点,因此,像铁路运输、航空、电力、电信、城市燃气、自来水等基础设施产业大都具有自然垄断的性质。 传统的自然垄断理论为,自然垄断
First, the natural monopoly of economic characteristics and government regulation The so-called natural monopoly, is due to the existence of scarcity of resources, economies of scale, the scope of economic effects and the cost of addictive, to provide a single goods and services manufacturers or combined production The probability of complete monopoly or oligopoly of the kinds of goods and services provided by the manufacturer is very high. Such a monopoly formed by technical reasons or other special economic reasons is called a natural monopoly. As the infrastructure industry has the characteristics of large amount of investment, long payback period, large sunk cost of fixed assets and significant economies of scale, infrastructure industries such as railway transportation, aviation, electricity, telecommunications, city gas and water supply are mostly natural The nature of monopoly. The traditional natural monopoly theory is natural monopoly